In the present article we introduce and study a class of topological reflection spaces that we call Kac-Moody symmetric spaces. These are associated with split real Kac-Moody groups and generalize Riemannian symmetric spaces of non-compact split type.Based on work by the third-named author we observe that in a non-spherical Kac-Moody symmetric space there exist pairs of points that do not lie on a common geodesic; however, any two points can be connected by a chain of geodesic segments. We moreover classify maximal flats in Kac-Moody symmetric spaces and study their intersection patterns, leading to a classification of global and local automorphisms. Some of our methods apply to general topological reflection spaces beyond the Kac-Moody setting.Unlike Riemannian symmetric spaces, non-spherical non-affine irreducible Kac-Moody symmetric spaces also admit an invariant causal structure. For causal and anti-causal geodesic rays with respect to this structure we find a notion of asymptoticity, which allows us to define a future and past boundary of such Kac-Moody symmetric space. We show that these boundaries carry a natural polyhedral cell structure and are cellularly isomorphic to geometric realizations of the two halves of the twin buildings of the underlying split real Kac-Moody group. We also show that every automorphism of the symmetric space is uniquely determined by the induced cellular automorphism of the future and past boundary.The invariant causal structure on a non-spherical non-affine irreducible Kac-Moody symmetric space gives rise to an invariant pre-order on the underlying space, and thus to a subsemigroup of the Kac-Moody group.We conclude that while in some aspects Kac-Moody symmetric spaces closely resemble Riemannian symmetric spaces, in other aspects they behave similarly to masures, their non-Archimedean cousins.
Acknowledgements:The authors thank the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach for the hospitality during the mini-workshops Symmetric varieties and involutions of algebraic groups in 2008 and Generalizations of symmetric varieties in 2012 and, furthermore, the Lorentz Center Leiden and the Center for Mathematical Sciences at the Technion, Haifa for hosting the subsequent international workshops on that topic in 2013 and 2015. The authors express their gratitude to the participants of these workshops for numerous discussions on the topic of this article; they particularly thank Bernhard M ühlherr for a wealth of very helpful conversations and Pierre-Emmanuel Caprace and Guy Rousseau for several deep discussions concerning the question whether Kac-Moody symmetric spaces admit a meaningful canonical pre-order. The authors also thank an anonymous referee and Guy Rousseau for extremely helpful very detailed criticism on preliminary versions of this article; these comments tremendously helped improve the quality of the structure and of the results of this article. In addition the authors thank Julius Gr üning and Timothée Marquis for further very useful comments on one of these prelimi...