On the uses of history in psychiatry: Diagnostic implications for anorexia nervosa

Abstract

The etiologic implications of the historical specificity of anorexia nervosa are limited. Research should be directed to better understand self-starvation without weight phobia.

Eating disorders during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan

“…The current study found that there were more than 50 patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when Japan was closed to the rest of the world (Mason & Caiger, 1997). This challenges some of the presumptions that the development of eating disorders in non‐Western countries is attributed to modern Western influence (Habermas, 2005).…”

“…The idealization of the thin body type within Western societies has been identified as a possible factor leading to the development of AN (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015). It is argued whether patients with a historical AN during the Victorian era had weight phobia or not (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003). Otsuka (1955) described that Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were AN.…”

Eating disorders during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan

“…The current study found that there were more than 50 patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when Japan was closed to the rest of the world (Mason & Caiger, 1997). This challenges some of the presumptions that the development of eating disorders in non‐Western countries is attributed to modern Western influence (Habermas, 2005).…”

“…The idealization of the thin body type within Western societies has been identified as a possible factor leading to the development of AN (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015). It is argued whether patients with a historical AN during the Victorian era had weight phobia or not (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003). Otsuka (1955) described that Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were AN.…”

The changing profile of eating disorders and related sociocultural factors in Japan between 1700 and 2020: A systematic scoping review

“…However, upon closer examination, it appears that there was a lot of heterogeneity in cases of Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro , such that cases could be classified into either modern AN or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as described in Western nosology. For instance, some patients with these conditions closely resembled those with AN during the Victorian era (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003), whereas other patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were similar in presentation to those with ARFID, as classified in the DSM‐5 (Nakai & Nin, 2020). Interestingly, while internalization of a thin ideal of beauty has been identified as a robust risk factor for modern EDs (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015), Kampo doctors did not document any fat phobia or distorted body image in these patients.…”

Evaluation of factors affecting the fat phobia level

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder. 16,17 The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological. In addition to a body weight below 85% of the norm and amenorrhea, the psychological criteria include the "refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight," "intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight" and a "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or body shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-valuation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight."…”

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder 16,17 . The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological.…”

Eating disorders during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan

“…The current study found that there were more than 50 patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when Japan was closed to the rest of the world (Mason & Caiger, 1997). This challenges some of the presumptions that the development of eating disorders in non‐Western countries is attributed to modern Western influence (Habermas, 2005).…”

“…The idealization of the thin body type within Western societies has been identified as a possible factor leading to the development of AN (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015). It is argued whether patients with a historical AN during the Victorian era had weight phobia or not (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003). Otsuka (1955) described that Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were AN.…”

The changing profile of eating disorders and related sociocultural factors in Japan between 1700 and 2020: A systematic scoping review

“…However, upon closer examination, it appears that there was a lot of heterogeneity in cases of Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro , such that cases could be classified into either modern AN or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as described in Western nosology. For instance, some patients with these conditions closely resembled those with AN during the Victorian era (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003), whereas other patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were similar in presentation to those with ARFID, as classified in the DSM‐5 (Nakai & Nin, 2020). Interestingly, while internalization of a thin ideal of beauty has been identified as a robust risk factor for modern EDs (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015), Kampo doctors did not document any fat phobia or distorted body image in these patients.…”

Evaluation of factors affecting the fat phobia level

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder. 16,17 The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological. In addition to a body weight below 85% of the norm and amenorrhea, the psychological criteria include the "refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight," "intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight" and a "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or body shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-valuation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight."…”

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder 16,17 . The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological.…”

Eating disorders during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan

“…The current study found that there were more than 50 patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when Japan was closed to the rest of the world (Mason & Caiger, 1997). This challenges some of the presumptions that the development of eating disorders in non‐Western countries is attributed to modern Western influence (Habermas, 2005).…”

“…The idealization of the thin body type within Western societies has been identified as a possible factor leading to the development of AN (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015). It is argued whether patients with a historical AN during the Victorian era had weight phobia or not (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003). Otsuka (1955) described that Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were AN.…”

The changing profile of eating disorders and related sociocultural factors in Japan between 1700 and 2020: A systematic scoping review

“…However, upon closer examination, it appears that there was a lot of heterogeneity in cases of Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro , such that cases could be classified into either modern AN or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as described in Western nosology. For instance, some patients with these conditions closely resembled those with AN during the Victorian era (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003), whereas other patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro were similar in presentation to those with ARFID, as classified in the DSM‐5 (Nakai & Nin, 2020). Interestingly, while internalization of a thin ideal of beauty has been identified as a robust risk factor for modern EDs (Habermas, 2005; Keel & Klump, 2003; Pike & Dunne, 2015), Kampo doctors did not document any fat phobia or distorted body image in these patients.…”

Evaluation of factors affecting the fat phobia level

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder. 16,17 The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological. In addition to a body weight below 85% of the norm and amenorrhea, the psychological criteria include the "refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight," "intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight" and a "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or body shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-valuation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight."…”

“…Several reviews of the history of anorexia nervosa have concluded that fat phobia is a basic diagnostic criterion for the disorder 16,17 . The APA (2000) also states that three of five criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are psychological.…”