On the Nature of Addiction and Habituation*

Withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence: fruitful mysteries★

“…(3) Rather than assuming that withdrawal has any real significance as a signal disarticulated from a subject's prior experience of withdrawal and repeated withdrawal relief drinking, should research be directed at the degree to which the previous scheduling of escape or avoidance learning may affect the reinforcing value of withdrawal? Not only conditioning (Wikler, 1961;Ludwig et al, 1974;MacRae et al, 1987), but also cognitive theories (Abrams & Niaura, 1987;Wilson, 1987) need to be harnessed to this problem.…”

Withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence: fruitful mysteries★

“…(3) Rather than assuming that withdrawal has any real significance as a signal disarticulated from a subject's prior experience of withdrawal and repeated withdrawal relief drinking, should research be directed at the degree to which the previous scheduling of escape or avoidance learning may affect the reinforcing value of withdrawal? Not only conditioning (Wikler, 1961;Ludwig et al, 1974;MacRae et al, 1987), but also cognitive theories (Abrams & Niaura, 1987;Wilson, 1987) need to be harnessed to this problem.…”

Individual, Social, and Environmental Factors Associated with Different Patterns of Stimulant Use: A Cross-Sectional Study from Five European Countries

“…In particular, never taking methamphetamine, cocaine, or tranquilizers seemed to act as a protective factor for frequent or dependent ATS use, as well as facilitating periods of or continued abstinence. Avoiding IDU was a further protective factor; this administration route leads to a very rapid uptake of psychotropic agents and has been shown to substantially enhance the risk of uncontrolled drug use and dependence in previous research [51, 52]. If substance use got out of control, one way to handle this is seeking for professional drug treatment.…”

Mutual Caring—Resolving Habituation through Awareness: Supporting Meaningful Learning from Projects

“…Management literature exists on employee disengagement, burnout, engagement, and work–life balance (Kahn, ; Maslach, ; Maslach & Leiter, ). Burnout impacts the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of life; the spillover effects disturb both home and workplace dynamics and contribute to addictions (Ajzen, ; Wikler, ; Wright, Dunford, & Snell, ). An article on the human spirit at work extended Kahn's concepts of meaningfulness, safety, and availability in terms of determinants and the mediating effects of these psychological conditions (May et al, ).…”

Withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence: fruitful mysteries★

“…(3) Rather than assuming that withdrawal has any real significance as a signal disarticulated from a subject's prior experience of withdrawal and repeated withdrawal relief drinking, should research be directed at the degree to which the previous scheduling of escape or avoidance learning may affect the reinforcing value of withdrawal? Not only conditioning (Wikler, 1961;Ludwig et al, 1974;MacRae et al, 1987), but also cognitive theories (Abrams & Niaura, 1987;Wilson, 1987) need to be harnessed to this problem.…”

Individual, Social, and Environmental Factors Associated with Different Patterns of Stimulant Use: A Cross-Sectional Study from Five European Countries

“…In particular, never taking methamphetamine, cocaine, or tranquilizers seemed to act as a protective factor for frequent or dependent ATS use, as well as facilitating periods of or continued abstinence. Avoiding IDU was a further protective factor; this administration route leads to a very rapid uptake of psychotropic agents and has been shown to substantially enhance the risk of uncontrolled drug use and dependence in previous research [51, 52]. If substance use got out of control, one way to handle this is seeking for professional drug treatment.…”

Mutual Caring—Resolving Habituation through Awareness: Supporting Meaningful Learning from Projects

“…Management literature exists on employee disengagement, burnout, engagement, and work–life balance (Kahn, ; Maslach, ; Maslach & Leiter, ). Burnout impacts the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of life; the spillover effects disturb both home and workplace dynamics and contribute to addictions (Ajzen, ; Wikler, ; Wright, Dunford, & Snell, ). An article on the human spirit at work extended Kahn's concepts of meaningfulness, safety, and availability in terms of determinants and the mediating effects of these psychological conditions (May et al, ).…”

Withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence: fruitful mysteries★

“…(3) Rather than assuming that withdrawal has any real significance as a signal disarticulated from a subject's prior experience of withdrawal and repeated withdrawal relief drinking, should research be directed at the degree to which the previous scheduling of escape or avoidance learning may affect the reinforcing value of withdrawal? Not only conditioning (Wikler, 1961;Ludwig et al, 1974;MacRae et al, 1987), but also cognitive theories (Abrams & Niaura, 1987;Wilson, 1987) need to be harnessed to this problem.…”

Individual, Social, and Environmental Factors Associated with Different Patterns of Stimulant Use: A Cross-Sectional Study from Five European Countries

“…In particular, never taking methamphetamine, cocaine, or tranquilizers seemed to act as a protective factor for frequent or dependent ATS use, as well as facilitating periods of or continued abstinence. Avoiding IDU was a further protective factor; this administration route leads to a very rapid uptake of psychotropic agents and has been shown to substantially enhance the risk of uncontrolled drug use and dependence in previous research [51, 52]. If substance use got out of control, one way to handle this is seeking for professional drug treatment.…”

Mutual Caring—Resolving Habituation through Awareness: Supporting Meaningful Learning from Projects

“…Management literature exists on employee disengagement, burnout, engagement, and work–life balance (Kahn, ; Maslach, ; Maslach & Leiter, ). Burnout impacts the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of life; the spillover effects disturb both home and workplace dynamics and contribute to addictions (Ajzen, ; Wikler, ; Wright, Dunford, & Snell, ). An article on the human spirit at work extended Kahn's concepts of meaningfulness, safety, and availability in terms of determinants and the mediating effects of these psychological conditions (May et al, ).…”