On the longevity of resident endoneurial macrophages in the peripheral nervous system: a study of physiological macrophage turnover in bone marrow chimeric mice

Müller, Marcus; Leonhard, Christine; Krauthausen, Marius; Wacker, Karin; Kiefer, Reinhard

doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00295.x

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…In the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), GFP + cells were readily observed in the ipsilateral side ( Fig. 3d ), which is consistent with evidence indicating that a population of macrophages in the DRG are derived from BM cells 47 48 . Our data using parabiotic mice provides evidence that circulating peripheral blood cells do not contribute to the spinal microglia population.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Bone marrow-derived cells in the population of spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury

Tashima

Mikuriya

Tomiyama

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral nerve injury (PNI) activates spinal microglia that are necessary for neuropathic pain. Recent studies using bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice have reported that after PNI, circulating BM-derived cells infiltrate into the spinal cord and differentiate into microglia-like cells. This raises the possibility that the population of spinal microglia after PNI may be heterogeneous. However, the infiltration of BM cells in the spinal cord remains controversial because of experimental adverse effects of strong irradiation used for generating BM chimeric mice. In this study, we evaluated the PNI-induced spinal infiltration of BM-derived cells not only by irradiation-induced myeloablation with various conditioning regimens, but also by parabiosis and mice with genetically labelled microglia, models without irradiation and BM transplantation. Results obtained from these independent approaches provide compelling evidence indicating little contribution of circulating BM-derived cells to the population of spinal microglia after PNI.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Bone marrow-derived cells in the population of spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury

Tashima

Mikuriya

Tomiyama

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…However, their exact phenotype and function in the PNS are unknown (53). They are partly replenished from the blood within months and are partly long living and tissue resident (54) and proliferate locally in response to different types of injury (55)(56)(57). Endoneurial macrophages have been studied in traumatic nerve injury (58) and their recruitment to the PNS occurs early after nerve transection in nonmammals (59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining the heterogeneity of peripheral nerve cells in health and autoimmunity

Wolbert

Heming

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

143

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Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. We identified and independently confirmed markers of previously underappreciated nmSCs and nerve-associated fibroblasts. We also found and characterized two distinct populations of nerve-resident homeostatic myeloid cells that transcriptionally differed from central nervous system microglia. In a model of chronic autoimmune neuritis, homeostatic myeloid cells were outnumbered by infiltrating lymphocytes which modulated the local cell–cell interactome and induced a specific transcriptional response in glia cells. This response was partially shared between the peripheral and central nervous system glia, indicating common immunological features across different parts of the nervous system. Our study thus identifies subtypes and cell-type markers of PNS cells and a partially conserved autoimmunity module induced in glia cells.

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“…Wallerian degeneration normally starts 24-36 hours after nerve injury in both PNS and central nervous system. The main effector cells in Wallerian degeneration are hematogenous phagocytes, 43 with Schwann cells and macrophages also participating in myelin removal to phagocytize the debris left from the breakdown of myelin sheath. Our results showed significant decrease in Wallerian degeneration after LLLT in the experimental group (Figure 2), further approving that laser therapy affects axonal growth and regeneration (Figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detail analysis of LLLT could also be due to the fact that nerve growth factor synthesis can be regulated by lowlevel irradiation. 45 Nerve growth factor is required for the survival of developing sympathetic and sensory neurons, degeneration are hematogenous phagocytes, 43 with Schwann cells and macrophages also participating in myelin removal to phagocytize the debris left from the breakdown of myelin sheath. Our results showed significant decrease in Wallerian degeneration after LLLT in the experimental group (Figure 2), further approving that laser therapy affects axonal growth and regeneration (Figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rat

et al. 2017

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IntroductionThe nerve fiber or axon, is responsible for transmitting information between neuron cells. 1 In humans, axons are generally on the scale of 1 μm thick and some are more than 1 m long, 1 and in the peripheral nerve system (PNS), they are either unmyelinated or myelinated by Schwann cells.2 These cells are mainly wrapped around axons and form a multi-layered sheath preparing myelin structures for axons. 2,3 In case of injury, Schwann cells are activated and play a key role in nerve repair mechanism, not only concerning Wallerian degeneration and remyelination in the injured position, but also in promoting axonal growth. 4 Wallerian degeneration occurs when an axon is cut or injured, in which the axon degenerates distal to the injury site. [5][6][7] This is followed by secondary phenomena such as breakdown of the myelin sheet and activation of the Schwann and macrophages that clear up the debris. 8,9Nerve injuries are divided into 3 basic categories of neuropraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis based on the extent of injury, pathology and physiology according to Sir Herbert Seddon's scheme, 5,6 neuropraxia, the mildest nerve injury, is a temporary loss of sensory function. 10The injured site usually fully recovers within few weeks or months, and no Wallerian degeneration occurs in this type of injury. Axonotmesis is when axons are more seriously damaged and interrupted. 10 In this type of injury, the surrounding epineurium and perineurium layers remain almost intact, but there could be only partial recovery depending on the extent of injury to the axons. In addition, Wallerian degeneration may occur distal to Methods:In this research work, the effect of LLLT (780 nm) on the regeneration process and reconstruction of injured peripheral right side sciatic nerve was investigated. Twelve adult male Wistar rats underwent surgery in aseptic conditions under general anesthesia to induce a lesion to their right side sciatic nerve according to standard protocol. Before suturing the location, only the experimental group was treated by laser. The damaged nerve was directly irradiated with (2 J, 100 mW, 40 seconds). The irradiation procedure was terminated in 21 days with little improvement (4 J, 200 mW, 40 seconds) across the skin surface of experimental group. Rats were selected randomly from each group to be sacrificed on different periods and histopathological examination was carried out on the extracted nerves.Results: Significant acceleration of revascularization and angiogenesis of the injury site was observed in the experimental group. Furthermore, a reduction of hemorrhages and increase in blood supply was observed. Also, Wallerian degeneration decreased while higher axonal density compared to the control rats was observed. Moreover, the cross-section analysis of the injured area on the 14th and 21st days as post-surgery showed that the nerve sheath diameter in the lesion area of the experimental group was reduced. While the ratio between thicknesses increased in the control group. Conclusion:The results of...

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On the longevity of resident endoneurial macrophages in the peripheral nervous system: a study of physiological macrophage turnover in bone marrow chimeric mice

Cited by 34 publications

References 31 publications

Bone marrow-derived cells in the population of spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury

Bone marrow-derived cells in the population of spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury

Redefining the heterogeneity of peripheral nerve cells in health and autoimmunity

Stimulation Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rat

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