“…Much of this scholarship has challenged the interpretation of the data presented as evidence of a declining relationship between masculinity and homophobia or less inequality among different groups of men (e.g. Allan, 2018; Bridges, 2014; Bridges and Pascoe, 2014, 2018; de Boise, 2015; McDowell, 2017; Messerschmidt, 2018; Messerschmidt and Messner, 2018; O’Neill, 2015; Waling, 2019). Allan (2018), for instance, challenges the conceptualization of “homohysteria” and “effemophobia” within the framework.…”