On the CFD modelling of hydrogen dispersion at low-Reynolds number release in closed facility

Giannissi, S.G.; Tolias, Ilias C.; Melideo, Daniele; Baraldi, Daniele; Shentsov, Volodymyr; Makarov, Dmitriy; Molkov, Vladimir; Venetsanos, A.G.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.078

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq assumption for the Reynolds stresses are solved, along with the equation for the hydrogen mass fraction (Einstein summation notation is used): The simulations were performed using the ADREA-HF CFD code, which has been extensively validated in the past for hydrogen dispersion applications, including cases of confined and semi-confined geometries [36][37][38][39][40]. The Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methodology was used with the finite-volume method on a staggered Cartesian grid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Jet Dispersion Below and Around a Car in a Tunnel

Koutsourakis,

Tolias,

Giannissi

et al. 2023

Energies

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Accidental release from a hydrogen car tank in a confined space like a tunnel poses safety concerns. This Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study focuses on the first seconds of such a release, which are the most critical. Hydrogen leaks through a Thermal Pressure Relief Device (TPRD), forms a high-speed jet that impinges on the street, spreads horizontally, recirculates under the chassis and fills the area below it in about one second. The “fresh-air entrainment effect” at the back of the car changes the concentrations under the chassis and results in the creation of two “tongues” of hydrogen at the rear corners of the car. Two other tongues are formed near the front sides of the vehicle. In general, after a few seconds, hydrogen starts moving upwards around the car mainly in the form of buoyant blister-like structures. The average hydrogen volume concentrations below the car have a maximum of 71%, which occurs at 2 s. The largest “equivalent stoichiometric flammable gas cloud size Q9” is 20.2 m3 at 2.7 s. Smaller TPRDs result in smaller hydrogen flow rates and smaller buoyant structures that are closer to the car. The investigation of the hydrogen dispersion during the initial stages of the leak and the identification of the physical phenomena that occur can be useful for the design of experiments, for the determination of the TPRD characteristics, for potential safety measures and for understanding the further distribution of the hydrogen cloud in the tunnel.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Jet Dispersion Below and Around a Car in a Tunnel

Koutsourakis,

Tolias,

Giannissi

et al. 2023

Energies

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“…When the wind speed exceeded 1.5 m/s, the decrease in the volume of combustibles was not significant, indicating that forced convection environment can change the combustible volume produced by hydrogen leakage. Previous studies have found that ambient wind has a vital influence on hydrogen diffusion, but its research scenes mainly focus on semi-ventilated environments [14] or enclosed spaces [15,16] such as hydrogen refueling stations [17,18] and parking lots [19,20]; the influence of longitudinal wind on hydrogen leakage during the driving of FCVs has not been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Longitudinal Wind on Hydrogen Leakage and Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Layout of Fuel Cell Vehicles

Wang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Hydrogen has the physical and chemical characteristics of being flammable, explosive and prone to leakage, and its safety is the main issue faced by the promotion of hydrogen as an energy source. The most common scene in vehicle application is the longitudinal wind generated by driving, and the original position of hydrogen concentration sensors (HCSs) did not consider the influence of longitudinal wind on the hydrogen leakage trajectory. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software STAR CCM 2021.1 is used to simulate the hydrogen leakage and diffusion trajectories of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) at five different leakage locations the longitudinal wind speeds of 0 km/h, 37.18 km/h and 114 km/h, and it is concluded that longitudinal wind prolongs the diffusion time of hydrogen to the headspace and reduces the coverage area of hydrogen in the headspace with a decrease of 81.35%. In order to achieve a good detection effect of fuel cell vehicles within the longitudinal wind scene, based on the simulated hydrogen concentration–time matrix, the scene clustering method based on vector similarity evaluation was used to reduce the leakage scene set by 33%. Then, the layout position of HCSs was optimized according to the proposed multi-scene full coverage response time minimization model, and the response time was reduced from 5 s to 1 s.

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“…Also, Liang et al [21] studied the effect of wind speeds and directions on the ventilation rates of a semi-opened room. With the presence of this large number of experiments, many benchmark simulations, like the work of Venetsanos et al [22] and Giannissi et al [23], have been carried out, to validate the different CFD tools in hydrogen leakage simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and Verification of containmentFOAM CFD Simulations in Hydrogen Safety

et al. 2023

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As the applications of hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels and energy storage increase, more concerns have been raised regarding its safe usage. Hydrogen’s extreme physical properties—its lower flammability limit (LFL), for instance—represent a challenge to simulating hydrogen leakage and, hence, mitigating accidents that occur due to such leakage. In this work, the OpenFOAM-based CFD simulation package containmentFOAM was validated by different experimental results. As in its original use, to simulate nuclear safety issues, the containmentFOAM package is capable of capturing different phenomena, like buoyant gas clouds and diffusion between gases and air. Despite being widely validated in nuclear safety, this CFD package was assessed with benchmark experiments used to validate hydrogen leakage scenarios. The validation cases were selected to cover different phenomena that occur during the hydrogen leakage—high-speed jet leakage, for example. These validation cases were the hallway with vent, FLAME, and GAMELAN experiments. From the comparison of the experimental and simulation results, we concluded that the containmentFOAM package showed good consistency with the experimental results and, hence, that it can be used to simulate actual leakage cases.

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On the CFD modelling of hydrogen dispersion at low-Reynolds number release in closed facility

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Jet Dispersion Below and Around a Car in a Tunnel

Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Jet Dispersion Below and Around a Car in a Tunnel

Influence of Longitudinal Wind on Hydrogen Leakage and Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Layout of Fuel Cell Vehicles

Validation and Verification of containmentFOAM CFD Simulations in Hydrogen Safety

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