On the ability of pem water electrolysers to provide power grid services

Electrocatalytic properties of {Mo3S4}-based complexes with regard to the hydrogen evolution reaction and application to PEM water electrolysis

“…PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) technology 10 is not as mature as alkaline technology, but it is considered as the most promising water electrolysis technology for large scale deployments, due to some specific advantages such as an ability to operate in the multi A cm À2 range and to provide grid services. 11 However, a current limitation of PEM technology comes from its cost. Because of the strong acidity of the polymer electrolyte, only platinum group metals (PGMs) can be used as electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen (HER) and oxygen (OER) evolution reactions.…”

Flexible operation strategy for formic acid synthesis providing frequency containment reserve in smart grids

“…These properties make the PEM electrolyser a prime candidate for engaging in fast-paced ancillary services, e.g., FCR. According to [35,36,23] electrolysers can effectively respond to the grid frequency variations, as they are able to respond faster to frequency deviations than gas-turbine and steam-turbine driven synchronous generators. Different applications of PEM electrolysers operating as BSPs or FSPs are investigated in [21,22].…”

“…Several chlor-alkali and aluminium smelter plants have already been integrated into the grid through providing fast demand response [20]. In recent years, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolysis have received extensive attention to providing ancillary services for the power grid due to their high electricity consumption, flexibility and reactivity [21,22,23]. Moreover, PEM electrolyser is an enabling technology for CO 2 hydrogenation and can play a key role for direct conversion of CO 2 value-added chemicals.…”

Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimal Operation of a Hydrogen Refueling Station Providing Frequency Ancillary Services

“…Ref. [25] has looked at the technical ability of electrolysers in providing grid services. Yet, the economic aspects have not been elaborated.…”