On some toxinological aspects of the starfish Stellaster equestris (Retzius, 1805)

Kanagarajan, U; Bragadeeswaran, S.; Venkateshvaran, K.

doi:10.1590/s1678-91992008000300005

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…There has not yet been any comprehensive analysis of histamine in adult echinoderms, although histamine has been found in the sea cucumber radial nerve cord, tentacles, and papillae of the body wall ( 11 ) and several tissues of the “slender armed” seastar, Luidia clathrata . The knowledge surrounding the role of histamine in echinoderms, to date, is restricted primarily to its involvement in fertilization, metamorphosis, and settlement in echinoid species (e.g., sea urchin) ( 21 ), and it may be involved in asteroid toxicity ( 45 ). As shown in Figure 3A , we identified histidine decarboxylase in the COTS genome, an enzyme required for histamine biosynthesis from its biosynthetic precursor, histidine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Profiles From the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar Radial Nerve Revealed Between Sexes and Following Food-Deprivation

et al. 2018

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Neurotransmitters serve as chemical mediators of cell communication, and are known to have important roles in regulating numerous physiological and metabolic events in eumetazoans. The Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS) is an asteroid echinoderm that has been the focus of numerous ecological studies due to its negative impact on coral reefs when in large numbers. Research devoted to its neural signaling, from basic anatomy to the key small neurotransmitters, would expand our current understanding of neural-driven biological processes, such as growth and reproduction, and offers a new approach to exploring the propensity for COTS population explosions and subsequent collapse. In this study we investigated the metabolomic profiles of small molecule neurotransmitters in the COTS radial nerve cord. Multivariate analysis shows differential abundance of small molecule neurotransmitters in male and female COTS, and in food-deprived individuals with significant differences between sexes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), histamine and serotonin, and significant differences in histamine and serotonin between satiation states. Annotation established that the majority of biosynthesis enzyme genes are present in the COTS genome. The spatial distribution of GABA, histamine and serotonin in the radial nerve cord was subsequently confirmed by immunolocalization; serotonin is most prominent within the ectoneural regions, including unique neural bulbs, while GABA and histamine localize primarily within neuropil fibers. Glutamic acid, which was also found in high relative abundance and is a precursor of GABA, is known as a spawning inhibitor in seastars, and as such was tested for inhibition of ovulation ex-vivo which resulted in complete inhibition of oocyte maturation and ovulation induced by 1-Methyladenine. These findings not only advance our knowledge of echinoderm neural signaling processes but also identify potential targets for developing novel approaches for COTS biocontrol.

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“…Sunahara et al (1987) extracted two toxins from the body extracts of Anthopleura fuscoviridis using methanol as extraction medium. Kanagarajan et al (2008) reported the protein content of the crude toxin/fractions was 531 μg/ml, while the amount of protein in the purified fractions varied between 29 and 68 μg/ml in Stellaster equestris. The present investigation also coincides with the previous study to the extraction of crude proteins (4.14, 3.63 and 17.5%) from the body of P. linckii.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monastyrnaya et al (2002) have reported the cytolysin from Radianthus species to be thermolabile and its haemolytic activity decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Kanagarajan et al (2008) reported that the Paw edema in mice was caused by the crude toxin and all fractions of the starfish Stellaster equestris. Sudharsan et al (2013) screened for hemolytic activity, mice bioassay, analgesic activity and neuromodulatory activity of crude methanolic extract (CME) of sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii.…”

Section: Wavelength (Cm -1 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytolytic and antinociceptive activities of starfish Protoreaster linckii (Blainvilli, 1893)

Suguna¹

2013

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals. Starfish extracts have drawn attention, because of their wide spectrum of biological effects associated with antifungal, cytotoxic, hemolytic and immunomodulatory activities. The study was carried out to investigate the hemolytic and antinociceptive effect of the methanolic extract of Protoreaster linckii (MEPL) using male albino mice models of chemicals and thermal antinociception. The extract was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg. The hemolytic activity was tested against human, chicken, sheep and goat blood red blood cells (RBCs). The percentage of protein was estimated in the crude extract as 4.14%. Among the ten human pathogens tested, Proteus mirabilis showed the most sensitive activity against 0.75 g/ml (9 mm) of sample compared with positive control (15 mm) and Streptococcus pyogenes showed activity at 0.75 g/ml concentration and no activities was noticed at 0.25 and 0.50 g/ml concentration. The hemolytic activity was high in human blood (128 HU). The crude extract shows dose dependent analgesic effect in male albino mice. The maximum mortality was noticed at 100% concentration, that is, 93.6±1.2 and minimum amount of mortality was noticed at 20% concentration, that is, 22.0±2.1 in brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay. The results from the present study appear to support the steroids belief in the medicinal properties of P. linckii against pain in which the central antinociception activity was found and it has also showed good cytolytic properties against blood RBCs.

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“…Drug discoveries from marine non-chordates have an important research field since decades and Indian marine natural product research gained momentum only in the late seventies [20]. The data from available literatures revealed that taxonomical studies were conducted regarding some of the starfish in Indian coast, whereas studies on their pharmacological potential are very scare [21][22]. The sea star Protoreaster linckii also named as 'Red-knobbed Starfish' are widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region.…”

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confidence: 99%

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2019

RJLBPCS

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The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the commonly available sea star Protoreaster linckii. The samples were collected from Mandapam, the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Four different extracts like methanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethanol at varying concentrations ranging from 250 to 1000 µg/ml was used for the experiment to study the inhibitory effects on ten selected human urinary tract infectious pathogenic bacteria. A concentration dependent inhibitory effect was observed in all the extracts of star fish. The results of the study suggested that most of the extracts have strong inhibitory activity against different pathogens similar to the standard drugs. Methanolic extracts exhibited a maximum zone of inhibition (17.00±0.1mm) against gram positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus at the higher concentration. Minimum zone of inhibition (0.700±0.35 and 0.800±0.15 mm) were reported in gram positive S. aureus while using the median and higher concentrations of dichloromethane extracts.

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On some toxinological aspects of the starfish Stellaster equestris (Retzius, 1805)

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Differences in Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Profiles From the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar Radial Nerve Revealed Between Sexes and Following Food-Deprivation

Cytolytic and antinociceptive activities of starfish Protoreaster linckii (Blainvilli, 1893)

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