2000
DOI: 10.1021/es991451q
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Abstract: Ammonia is the primary alkaline gas in the atmosphere and contributes to fine particle mass, visibility problems, and dry and wet deposition. The objective of this research was to measure ammonia and other exhaust emissions from a large sample of on-road vehicles using California phase 2 reformulated gasoline with low sulfur content (∼10 ppm by weight). Vehicle emissions of ammonia, NO x , CO, and CO 2 were measured in the center bore of a San Francisco Bay area highway tunnel on eight 2-h afternoon sampling p… Show more

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Cited by 150 publications
(126 citation statements)
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“…Global NH 3 emission data taken with infrared satellite observations show that concentrations in the eastern United States are low and no significant hotspots exist in this region (Clarisse et al, 2009 (Dentener and Crutzen, 1994) and [NH 3 ] up to 430 ppbv have been seen in strong point source locations (Schlesinger and Hartley, 1992). Emission measurements made in different automobile tunnels have shown [NH 3 ] of 50-400 ppbv (Fraser and Cass, 1998;Kean et al, 2000;Moeckli et al, 2004) [NH 3 ] of 20-70 ppbv have also been reported from smoke (Yokelson et al, 1999Goode et al, 2000), as well as 100-200 ppbv in biomass burning plumes (Hurst et al, 1994;Li et al, 2006).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Global NH 3 emission data taken with infrared satellite observations show that concentrations in the eastern United States are low and no significant hotspots exist in this region (Clarisse et al, 2009 (Dentener and Crutzen, 1994) and [NH 3 ] up to 430 ppbv have been seen in strong point source locations (Schlesinger and Hartley, 1992). Emission measurements made in different automobile tunnels have shown [NH 3 ] of 50-400 ppbv (Fraser and Cass, 1998;Kean et al, 2000;Moeckli et al, 2004) [NH 3 ] of 20-70 ppbv have also been reported from smoke (Yokelson et al, 1999Goode et al, 2000), as well as 100-200 ppbv in biomass burning plumes (Hurst et al, 1994;Li et al, 2006).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sources of NH 3 stem mostly from anthropogenic emissions such as livestock excrement, biomass burning, fertilizer application, and automobile emissions (Schlesinger and Hartley, 1992;Dentener and Crutzen, 1994;Fraser and Cass, 1998;Kean et al, 2000;Moeckli et al, 2004;Clarisse et al, 2009). Tropospheric NH 3 mixing ratios ([NH 3 ]) range from several pptv up to several hundreds ppbv and sometimes even up to several hundreds ppmv levels (Gilliland et al, 2003;Huai et al, 2003;Herndon et al, 2005;Li et al, 2006;Nowak et al, 2007), depending on the proximity to emission sources, altitude, and acidity of aerosol particles present in the atmosphere.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For all years of this study (1999, 2001, and 2006), NO x , CO, and CO 2 concentrations were measured at the tunnel inlet and outlet on summer weekdays using standard ambient air monitoring equipment (Kean et al, 2000;Ban-Weiss et al, 2008). Sample air was drawn from the traffic bore and calibration of all gas-phase analyzers was checked daily prior to sampling for all years.…”
Section: Pollutant Measurementsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Overreduction of NO -beyond the formation of molecular N 2 -leads to ammonia in motor vehicle exhaust. Consequently, NH 3 emissions were low for early 1980s and older gasoline-powered vehicles (Pierson and Brachaczek, 1983) and have since increased following the widespread use of three-way catalytic converters (Cadle et al, 1979, Moeckli et al, 1996, Fraser and Cass, 1998, Kean et al, 2000.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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