Olympics in the Tropics and Infectious Diseases

Igreja, Ricardo Pereira

doi:10.1086/650177

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Except for a few cities (Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, and Brasilia), the estimated risk for tourists and teams was low. Concern about dengue and other diseases during mass gatherings in general and the Brazil 2014 World Cup in particular have been raised by others [10] , [13] , [14] , [16] – [18] . In the past, outbreaks of predominantly diarrheal and respiratory diseases have been reported during these mass gatherings and the risk of increased DENV transmission during such events may be a real possibility [9] , [10] , [14] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measles epidemics occurred during the Special Olympics in Minneapolis-St. Paul in 1991 [8] and during the 2010 World Cup in South Africa [9] . Norovirus outbreaks have been reported during the 2006 World Cup in Germany [10] and a Scout Jamboree in The Netherlands [11] . In response to this possible threat, international and national health agencies have developed specific plans for disease surveillance and response during these mass gathering events [12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to this possible threat, international and national health agencies have developed specific plans for disease surveillance and response during these mass gathering events [12] . The possible risk of dengue among tourists visiting the 2014 World Cup in Brazil has been mentioned before [10] , [13] , [14] . Between 1997 and 2013, dengue was the most common vector-borne disease among 1586 travelers returning from Brazil with 92 cases reported to the GeoSentinel Network [14] , [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of Dengue for Tourists and Teams during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThis year, Brazil will host about 600,000 foreign visitors during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The concern of possible dengue transmission during this event has been raised given the high transmission rates reported in the past by this country.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe used dengue incidence rates reported by each host city during previous years (2001–2013) to estimate the risk of dengue during the World Cup for tourists and teams. Two statistical models were used: a percentile rank (PR) and an Empirical Bayes (EB) model. Expected IR's during the games were generally low (<10/100,000) but predictions varied across locations and between models. Based on current ticket allocations, the mean number of expected symptomatic dengue cases ranged from 26 (PR, 10th–100th percentile: 5–334 cases) to 59 (EB, 95% credible interval: 30–77 cases) among foreign tourists but none are expected among teams. These numbers will highly depend on actual travel schedules and dengue immunity among visitors. Sensitivity analysis for both models indicated that the expected number of cases could be as low as 4 or 5 with 100,000 visitors and as high as 38 or 70 with 800,000 visitors (PR and EB, respectively).Conclusion/SignificanceThe risk of dengue among tourists during the World Cup is expected to be small due to immunity among the Brazil host population provided by last year's epidemic with the same DENV serotypes. Quantitative risk estimates by different groups and methodologies should be made routinely for mass gathering events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of Dengue for Tourists and Teams during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil

et al. 2014

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“…The non-specificity of clinical presentation of acute malaria makes it even harder to distinguish from other febrile conditions on only clinical grounds, before the spiking pattern of fever shows up or even if it never appears. Thus, a travel history is essential in any febrile patient to evocate malaria diagnosis, mainly in areas of other endemic infectious diseases, such as dengue in Rio de Janeiro, where tropical diseases are not prevalent [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria, a difficult diagnosis in a febrile patient with sub-microscopic parasitaemia and polyclonal lymphocyte activation outside the endemic region, in Brazil

Brasil

Costa

Longo

et al. 2013

Malar J

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A case of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria with sub-microscopic parasitaemia and polyclonal B-cell activation (PBA) (as reflected by positive IgM and IgG serology for toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and antinuclear and rheumatoid factors) was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after consecutive negative rapid diagnostic test results and blood films. The patient, a 44-year-old man from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, had visited the Atlantic Forest, a tourist, non-malaria-endemic area where no autochthonous cases of ’bromeliad malaria‘ has ever been described. The characteristic pattern of fever, associated with PBA, was the clue to malaria diagnosis, despite consecutive negative thick blood smears. The study highlights a need for changes in clinical and laboratory diagnostic approaches, namely the incorporation of PCR as part of the current routine malaria diagnostic methods in non-endemic areas.

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Traveling Management

Joseph¹

2019

The Sports Medicine Physician

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Olympics in the Tropics and Infectious Diseases

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Risk of Dengue for Tourists and Teams during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil

Risk of Dengue for Tourists and Teams during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil

Malaria, a difficult diagnosis in a febrile patient with sub-microscopic parasitaemia and polyclonal lymphocyte activation outside the endemic region, in Brazil

Traveling Management

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