Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Holland, Gary N.; Engstrom, Robert E.; Glasgow, Ben J.; Berger, Brian B.; Daniels, Stewart A.; Sidikaro, Yossi; Harmon, Janine A.; Fischer, David H.; Boyer, David S.; Rao, Narsing A.; Eagle, Ralph C.; Kreiger, Allan E.; Foos, Robert Y.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(88)90697-6

Cited by 239 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Retinochoroiditis caused by T. gondii infection is a frequent cause of uveitis, an intraocular inflammatory disease of the eye in humans [1][2][3][4][5]. The hallmark of toxoplasma-induced retinochoroiditis is the recurrent episodes of reactivation and localized inflammatory responses to these episodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ocular toxoplasmosis results in inflammation and disorganization of the retina and is one of the common causes of uveitis, an intraocular inflammatory disease [1][2][3][4][5]. The intensity of the damage to the retina and choroid depends on the severity of infection and the associated inflammatory reaction [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intensity of the damage to the retina and choroid depends on the severity of infection and the associated inflammatory reaction [3][4][5]. Infiltrating inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages and lymphocytes, play an active role in the pathogenesis associated with T. gondii-induced retinochoroiditis [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transforming growth factor-β expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells is enhanced by Toxoplasma gondii: a possible role in the immunopathogenesis of retinochoroiditis

Nagineni

Detrick

Hooks

2002

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARYRetinochoroiditis caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection results in inflammation and necrosis of the retina. We have used human retinal pigment epithelial cultures (HRPE) as an in vitro model to investigate the role of TGF-b in T. gondii-induced retinochoroiditis. RT-PCR analyses showed enhanced steady state levels of TGF-b1 and TGF-b2 mRNA in T. gondii-infected HRPE. Uninfected HRPE secrete TGF-b1 in a latent form while 10-30% of the secreted TGF-b2 was in the active form. T. gondii infection induced a significant increase (P < 0·01) in total TGF-b1 and TGF-b2 secretion by HRPE. In addition, soluble extracts of T. gondii (ST) stimulated secretion of both TGF-b1 and TGF-b2 significantly (P < 0·01). Interestingly, T. gondii infection as well as ST of the parasites completely inhibited secretion of the active form of TGF-b2. Studies evaluating the effect of TGF-b on T. gondii replication in HRPE revealed that TGF-b enhanced parasite replication. The interactions between host retinal cells and T. gondii may play an active role in the pathogenesis of retinochoroiditis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transforming growth factor-β expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells is enhanced by Toxoplasma gondii: a possible role in the immunopathogenesis of retinochoroiditis

Nagineni

Detrick

Hooks

2002

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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“…However, in immunodepressed individuals there may be a reactivation of the infection through the rupture of the cysts, causing severe pathology which can lead to death 6 . Cerebral toxoplasmosis, in AIDS patients, is the most common opportunistic infection, appearing when the levels of CD4+ Tlymphocytes are under 200 cells/mm 3 , toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is also one of the important secondary ocular inflammations in these patients 15 . Neurological lesions were found in up to 90% of the pathological examinations with AIDS 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of seroepidemiological toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients in the south of Brazil

Xavier

Cademartori

Filho

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neurotoxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients attending the SAE (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV/AIDS), as well as to associate their serological profile with epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 250 patients participated in the study from December, 2009 to November, 2010. Serological analysis was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent technique; epidemiological data were gathered by a questionnaire, and clinical history was based on the analysis of medical charts. Prevalence of seropositivity was 80%, with history of neurotoxoplasmosis in 4.8% and of ocular toxoplasmosis in 1.6% of the patients. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was not used by 32% of the patients, 18.4% of the patients had CD4+ T- lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/mm³ and 96.8% of them were not aware of the modes of disease transmission. These findings led us to conclude that the study population is at high risk of clinical toxoplasmosis, because of both reactivation of infection in the seropositive patients who do not make a regular use of HAART, and primo-infection in seronegative patients worsened by an unawareness of the modes of infection reported in this study.

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“…This leads to large field defects when the inflammation has settled (Stanford et al 2005, Scherrer et al 2007). Finally, antibiotic therapy is indicated for retinochoroiditis in the immunosuppressed as, if left untreated, a fulminant progressive retinochoroiditis will result (Holland et al 1988). Relative indications for treatment include a marked vitreous reaction, disease in an only eye and disease presenting in the elderly as this appears to be more aggressive than in the young.…”

Section: Available Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%