Ocular manifestations of dermatological diseases part I: infectious and inflammatory disorders

Abstract

Skin and eyes share a common embryological origin from the embryonic surface ectoderm. Ocular manifestations are one of the most important and common associations of dermatological diseases. Currently, there are few comprehensive reviews of the ocular manifestations of dermatological diseases. We have reviewed more than 40 published articles related to the ocular manifestations of the most important dermatological diseases. The search included Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases from 2014 to 2019. This review was divided into three parts including infections, inflammatory, genetics, connective tissue, autoimmune, neoplasms, and drug-related disorders. We excluded metabolic, endocrine, and nutrition-related dermatological diseases. The relationship of ocular manifestations and dermatological diseases is important to recognize for appropriate management since many dermatological diseases can manifest initially with ocular findings. In this part, we summarized the most common and significant ocular findings in infectious and inflammatory dermatological disorders with appropriate referral recommendations to ophthalmology.

The eyes have it: when skin findings prompt referral to ophthalmology

“…Behc ¸et disease is a multisystem vasculitis that classically presents with recurrent oral and genital ulcerations in addition to oculocutaneous involvement [8,30]. Oral ulcerations resembling aphthous stomatitis are often the first presenting symptom, occurring in up to 70% of patients.…”

“…Oral ulcerations resembling aphthous stomatitis are often the first presenting symptom, occurring in up to 70% of patients. They represent the major diagnostic criteria (if occurring three or more times yearly) and most sensitive marker for the disease [8,30,31]. Minor diagnostic criteria include recurrent genital ulceration, acneiform or erythema nodosum-like skin lesions, pathergy (ulceration appearing at sites of trauma), and ocular findings [8,30,32].…”

“…They represent the major diagnostic criteria (if occurring three or more times yearly) and most sensitive marker for the disease [8,30,31]. Minor diagnostic criteria include recurrent genital ulceration, acneiform or erythema nodosum-like skin lesions, pathergy (ulceration appearing at sites of trauma), and ocular findings [8,30,32]. Classically considered a disease of adults, recent literature suggests pediatric patients account for up to 25% of cases [33…”

“…Conditions were selected based on relevance, relative urgency, and recent advances in their etiologic/therapeutic understanding. A more detailed evaluation of associations can be found in the online supplementary material of this article (Supplementary Tables 1-3, http://links.lww.com/MOP/A66) [8,14,18,29,30]. An overview of ocular anatomy and associated disease states is included (Fig.…”

Psoriasis beyond the skin: Ophthalmological changes (Review)

“…From an embryological point of view, the skin and eyes share a common origin from the ectoderm (4). Thus, it is hypothesized that the ocular manifestations are closely associated with the cutaneous manifestations through an immune-mediated mechanism.…”