Ocular irritancy responses to various pHs of acids and bases with and without irrigation

Indocyanine Green Angiographic Features in a Case of Alkali Retinopathy

“…The severity of a chemical injury depends on a number of factors, including duration of exposure, pH, and concentration of the substance. 1,5 Alkali burns are of particular interest, because alkaline substances possess properties that enable them to produce the most rapid and serious ocular destruction. Alkaline materials penetrate ocular tissues through liquefactive necrosis.…”

“…1,2,5 In addition, epithelial cells and granulocytes, involved in the inflammatory process, release collagenase, which exacerbates the damage. [5][6][7] Most reports in the literature emphasize the corneal and conjunctival complications of alkali burns. These complications include persistent epithelial defects, corneal opacification, keratitis sicca, infectious keratitis, stromalysis, symblephara, ciciatricial entropion, trichiasis, and phthisis.…”

Indocyanine Green Angiographic Features in a Case of Alkali Retinopathy

“…The severity of a chemical injury depends on a number of factors, including duration of exposure, pH, and concentration of the substance. 1,5 Alkali burns are of particular interest, because alkaline substances possess properties that enable them to produce the most rapid and serious ocular destruction. Alkaline materials penetrate ocular tissues through liquefactive necrosis.…”

“…1,2,5 In addition, epithelial cells and granulocytes, involved in the inflammatory process, release collagenase, which exacerbates the damage. [5][6][7] Most reports in the literature emphasize the corneal and conjunctival complications of alkali burns. These complications include persistent epithelial defects, corneal opacification, keratitis sicca, infectious keratitis, stromalysis, symblephara, ciciatricial entropion, trichiasis, and phthisis.…”

Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics

“…A representative sampling of ocular irritation studies are presented in Table 10. 7-10,38-42 Calcium Hydroxide was predicted to be irritating in hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) in vitro tests while Magnesium Hydroxide was predicted not to be irritating in a bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) in vitro test. In rabbit studies, Calcium Hydroxide was severely irritating at a concentration as low as 10% and pH of 9.…”

Ocular disorders of pet mice and rats

“…It was proposed that bacteria in fecal material split the urinary urea to form ammonia. It was theorized that the ammonia contacts the cornea and causes necrosis of the corneal epithelium, with resultant inflammation and vascularization of the stroma [28,29]. This change eventually results in scarring and mineralization of the stroma with dysplasia of the overlying epithelium [29].…”

Indocyanine Green Angiographic Features in a Case of Alkali Retinopathy

“…The severity of a chemical injury depends on a number of factors, including duration of exposure, pH, and concentration of the substance. 1,5 Alkali burns are of particular interest, because alkaline substances possess properties that enable them to produce the most rapid and serious ocular destruction. Alkaline materials penetrate ocular tissues through liquefactive necrosis.…”

“…1,2,5 In addition, epithelial cells and granulocytes, involved in the inflammatory process, release collagenase, which exacerbates the damage. [5][6][7] Most reports in the literature emphasize the corneal and conjunctival complications of alkali burns. These complications include persistent epithelial defects, corneal opacification, keratitis sicca, infectious keratitis, stromalysis, symblephara, ciciatricial entropion, trichiasis, and phthisis.…”

Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics

“…A representative sampling of ocular irritation studies are presented in Table 10. 7-10,38-42 Calcium Hydroxide was predicted to be irritating in hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) in vitro tests while Magnesium Hydroxide was predicted not to be irritating in a bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) in vitro test. In rabbit studies, Calcium Hydroxide was severely irritating at a concentration as low as 10% and pH of 9.…”

Ocular disorders of pet mice and rats

“…It was proposed that bacteria in fecal material split the urinary urea to form ammonia. It was theorized that the ammonia contacts the cornea and causes necrosis of the corneal epithelium, with resultant inflammation and vascularization of the stroma [28,29]. This change eventually results in scarring and mineralization of the stroma with dysplasia of the overlying epithelium [29].…”

Indocyanine Green Angiographic Features in a Case of Alkali Retinopathy

“…The severity of a chemical injury depends on a number of factors, including duration of exposure, pH, and concentration of the substance. 1,5 Alkali burns are of particular interest, because alkaline substances possess properties that enable them to produce the most rapid and serious ocular destruction. Alkaline materials penetrate ocular tissues through liquefactive necrosis.…”

“…1,2,5 In addition, epithelial cells and granulocytes, involved in the inflammatory process, release collagenase, which exacerbates the damage. [5][6][7] Most reports in the literature emphasize the corneal and conjunctival complications of alkali burns. These complications include persistent epithelial defects, corneal opacification, keratitis sicca, infectious keratitis, stromalysis, symblephara, ciciatricial entropion, trichiasis, and phthisis.…”

Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics

“…A representative sampling of ocular irritation studies are presented in Table 10. 7-10,38-42 Calcium Hydroxide was predicted to be irritating in hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) in vitro tests while Magnesium Hydroxide was predicted not to be irritating in a bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) in vitro test. In rabbit studies, Calcium Hydroxide was severely irritating at a concentration as low as 10% and pH of 9.…”

Ocular disorders of pet mice and rats

“…It was proposed that bacteria in fecal material split the urinary urea to form ammonia. It was theorized that the ammonia contacts the cornea and causes necrosis of the corneal epithelium, with resultant inflammation and vascularization of the stroma [28,29]. This change eventually results in scarring and mineralization of the stroma with dysplasia of the overlying epithelium [29].…”