Ocular Growth and Refractive Error Development in Premature Infants without Retinopathy of Prematurity

Cook, Anne; White, Sarah; Batterbury, Mark; Clark, David

doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0124

Cited by 80 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…Our results are in agreement with the investigation of Cook et al (26) with regard to the development of biometric parameters in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity (Figures 1-4). These authors obtained a mean axial length between 16.37 and 16.66 mm, anterior chamber depth between 2.14 and 2.26, posterior segment length between 10.18 and 10.47, and lens thickness between 3.93 and 4.04 mm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In another study, axial growth was measured at 3 and 9 months of age with similar findings (15) . Both birth weight and gestational age have an effect on ocular growth (26) . Saw et al (29) examined the association of birth parameters with biometry in children aged 7-9 years, and suggested that children who were born heavier or who were born more mature had longer axial lengths and deeper vitreous chambers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants

Özdemir¹,

Tunay²,

Acar³

et al. 2015

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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Preterm birth is a significant public health concern, as it is associated with a high risk of infant mortality, various morbidities in both the neonatal period and later age, and significant socio-economic difficulties (1,2) . Prematurely born children are disadvantaged in terms of perinatal mortality and long-term growth (3)(4)(5) , and they have low birth weight and shorter eyes as compared with full-term children (6,7) . ABSTRACTPurpose: To analyze ocular biometry parameters and evaluate their relationship with gestational age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age in prematurely born infants. Methods:The right eyes of 361 premature infants born before the 36th gestational week were evaluated. Birth weight, gestational week, and gender were recorded. An A-scan Biometer was used for obtaining axial measurements, including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and total axial length. Results: Gestational age and birth weight values ranged from 23 to 36 weeks and from 560 to 2,670 g, respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 30.8 ± 2.8 weeks and 1,497.9 ± 483.6 g, respectively. During the first examination (4-5 weeks of postnatal age), birth weight and gestational age of the infants correlated significantly and positively with lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length (r>0.5, p<0.001), but not with anterior chamber depth (r<0.5). Increased vitreous and axial lengths correlated significantly with increasing postmenstrual age of the infants (r=0.669, p<0.001; r=0.845, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length, but not anterior chamber depth, were significantly correlated with birth weight and gestational age. All four parameters increased with increasing postmenstrual age, with higher correlations for vitreous and axial lengths than for anterior chamber depth and lens thickness. It was concluded that axial elongation resulted primarily from increasing posterior chamber length. At present, ultrasound and optical biometry (partial coherence laser interferometry) are used to measure intraocular distances. Ho wever, eye measurements in newborns are only possible using ul tra sonic methods. Ultrasound biometry, commonly referred to as A-scan and B-scan, is utilized for diagnostic testing and biometric mea surements (8) . A-scan ultrasonography provides a one-dimensional measurement of length in the axial plane. Additionally, it facilitates the monitoring The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants A relação entre o peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e idade pós-menstrual com a biometria ocular em bebês prematuros Keywords

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants

Özdemir¹,

Tunay²,

Acar³

et al. 2015

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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“…24 The largest change in axial length (reflecting eye growth) occurs during the first 24 months of life, when the axial length reaches 90% of mean adult values. [24][25][26] We found that the timing of inner retinal layer regression from the fovea is consistent with the mechanical stretch hypothesis, occurring in parallel with fast eye growth and reaching completion by 17.5 months GA. Interestingly, the developmental trajectories of the inner retinal layers at the parafovea and perifovea are much more dynamic than directly at the fovea. In the case of the GCL and INL, we observed initial decreases in retinal layer thickness followed by subsequent increases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

In Vivo Foveal Development Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Lee

Purohit

Patel

et al. 2015

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

113

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PURPOSE.To characterize the time course of normal foveal development in vivo in term infants and young children using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (HH-SDOCT). METHODS.We obtained 534 HH-SDOCT scans from 261 infants, children, and young adults with a mean age of 4.9 years (range, 0-27 years). Each retinal layer was manually segmented in ImageJ and correlated with gestational age (GA) and visual acuity (VA). The developmental trajectories of each retinal layer at the fovea, parafovea, and perifovea were calculated using fractional polynomial modeling.RESULTS. The central macular thickness (CMT) increases logarithmically between birth and 48.6 months GA. The foveal ganglion cell (GCL), inner plexiform, inner nuclear (INL), and outer plexiform layers decrease in thickness exponentially until 18 months GA. Interestingly, the parafoveal and perifoveal GCL and INL thicknesses initially decrease until 17 months GA and then increase in thickness until 65.5 GA. The foveal outer nuclear layer, inner segment, and outer segment of the photoreceptors increase in thickness logarithmically until 32.4, 26.9, and 45.3 months GA, respectively. The parafoveal and perifoveal outer retinal layers increase in thickness more gradually until 146 months GA. The thickness of the outer retinal layers and CMT were strongly correlated with VA, with r ¼ 0.54 (P < 0.0001) and r ¼ 0.52 (P < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS.We have modeled for the first time the complex, nonlinear developmental trajectories for each retinal layer and demonstrate that development continues until adolescence. Our description of normal development will be helpful in diagnosing, monitoring, and understanding pediatric retinal disease.

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“…It has also been reported that the eyes of premature infants have shallower anterior chambers, shorter axial lengths, and more highly curved corneas than full-term infants' eyes. In severe cases of ROP these differences become more significant (9) . Furthermore, children with larger head sizes or lengths at birth, or who are born heavier or more mature, have deeper vitreous chambers and longer axial lengths (16) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, ROP can be a potentially blinding condition (8) . Some studies have documented alterations in ocular growth and changes in refractive errors in infants with ROP (9) . It is widely recognized that ROP is a multi-factorial condition, with gestational age, low birth weight, blood transfusion, oxygen exposure, intraventricular haemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis all implicated in the disorder (10,11) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants

Özdemir¹,

Tunay²,

Petriçli³

et al. 2014

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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Purpose: To determine the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants. Methods: Infants with a birth weight of less than 2,500 g or with a gestation period of less than 36 weeks were included in the study. Infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were allocated to Group 1 (n=138), while those without ROP were allocated to Group 2 (n=236). All infants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including corneal diameter measurements, pachymetry, biometry, and fundoscopy. Between-group comparisons of horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial lengths were performed. Independent sample t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data was obtained from 374 eyes of 187 infants (102 female, 85 male). The mean gestational age at birth was 30.7 ± 2.7 weeks (range 25-36 weeks), the mean birth weight was 1,514 ± 533.3 g (range 750-1,970 g), and the mean postmenstrual age at examination was 40.0 ± 4.8 weeks. The mean gestational age and the mean birth weight of Group 1 were statistically lower than Group 2 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions:The presence of ROP in premature infants does not alter the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, or axial length.

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Ocular Growth and Refractive Error Development in Premature Infants without Retinopathy of Prematurity

Cited by 80 publications

References 0 publications

The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants

The relationship of birth weight, gestational age, and postmenstrual age with ocular biometry parameters in premature infants

In Vivo Foveal Development Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Analysis of the horizontal corneal diameter, central corneal thickness, and axial length in premature infants

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