Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin

Luz, Carlos; Saladino, Federica; Luciano, Fernando Bittencourt; Mañes, Jordí; Meca, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.032

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Besides, Fusarium also produces emerging fusariotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) [7]. BEA and ENNs are cyclic depsipeptides, which consist of free electron pairs of oxygen carbonyl groups and tertiary amino groups of amide bonds giving these molecules the ability to act as nucleophiles [8]. Alternaria fungi contaminate a wide variety of food items such as cereals, fruits, wheat, barley, and sorghum, where it produces several toxins, with alternariol (AOH), alternariol-9-methyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN) being the most important ones [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment

Tran

Viktorová

Augustynkova

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins found in randomly selected commercial milk thistle dietary supplement were evaluated for their toxicity in silico and in vitro. Using in silico methods, the basic physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of the mycotoxins were predicted using ACD/Percepta. The in vitro cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins was determined in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7), human hepatoblastoma (HepG2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells. In addition, we studied the bioavailability potential of mycotoxins and silibinin utilizing an in vitro transwell system with differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) simulating mycotoxin transfer through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The IC50 values for individual mycotoxins in studied cells were in the biologically relevant ranges as follows: 3.57–13.37 nM (T-2 toxin), 5.07–47.44 nM (HT-2 toxin), 3.66–17.74 nM (diacetoxyscirpenol). Furthermore, no acute toxicity was obtained for deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, zearalenone, enniatinENN-A, enniatin-A1, enniatin-B, enniatin-B1, alternariol, alternariol-9-methyl ether, tentoxin, and mycophenolic acid up to the 50 nM concentration. The acute toxicity of these mycotoxins in binary combinations exhibited antagonistic effects in the combinations of T-2 with DON, ENN-A1, or ENN-B, while the rest showed synergistic or additive effects. Silibinin had a significant protective effect against both the cytotoxicity of three mycotoxins (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS) and genotoxicity of AME, AOH, DON, and ENNs on HEK 293T. The bioavailability results confirmed that AME, DAS, ENN-B, TEN, T-2, and silibinin are transported through the epithelial cell layer and further metabolized. The bioavailability of silibinin is very similar to mycotoxins poor penetration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment

Tran

Viktorová

Augustynkova

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Enniatins can be produced by several fungal species including Fusarium spp., and the enniatin analogs enniatin A (EnnA), enniatin A1 (EnnA1), enniatin B (EnnB), and enniatin B1 (EnnB1) are reported to be the most prevalent ones in cereals in Europe (for more information, see Liuzzi et al., ; Prosperini et al., ). BEA is structurally similar to enniatins and these emerging mycotoxins often co‐occur, since they are probably produced by the same Fusarium species (Liuzzi et al., ; Luz, Saladino, Luciano, Mañes, & Meca, ). MON is as well an emerging mycotoxin and was, for example, found to strongly accumulate in Fusarium‐ damaged durum wheat grains due to F. avenaceum infection (Tittlemier et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Schaarschmidt

Fauhl-Hassek

2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

116

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Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat-based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat-based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law-including modified and emerging mycotoxins-and which cover DON derivatives (DON-3-glucoside, monoacetyl-DONs, norDONs, deepoxy-DON), nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran-enriched products, or high-cereal low-moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high-quality raw materials would be required.

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“…Some species are used as biocontrol agents, as industrially applicable enzymes, and some cause diseases in many agronomical crops and are probably the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi [6]. The genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium are filamentous fungi and produce mycotoxins that are toxic and/or carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced under appropriate environmental conditions [7]. Fusarium produces three of the most important of mycotoxins, such as fumonisins, trichothecenes or zearalenone, and these furthermore produce emerging mycotoxins as well as fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin [8].…”

Section: Overview Of Major Mycotoxin-producing Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The predominant Fusarium species associated with ear and stalk rots are F. graminearum followed by F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. culmorum [21]. These Fusarium species are also capable of producing mycotoxins, which contribute to pre-harvest contamination of human food and animal feed impacting health [7]. Among Fusarium spp., F.…”

Section: Overview Of Mycotoxin-contaminating Cerealsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusarium Mycotoxins and Metabolites that Modulate Their Production

Jiménez-García¹,

García-Mier²,

García‐Trejo³

et al. 2018

Fusarium - Plant Diseases, Pathogen Diversity, Genetic Diversity, Resistance and Molecular Markers

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The genus Fusarium is a group of fungi producing several types of toxins with toxicological effect in both humans and animals. Such fungi are commonly found in soils so it can contaminate various types of crops, preferably cereals, leading to significant economic losses. Relative humidity, storage temperature and various handling in cereales increase the possibility of contamination by Fusarium toxins. Cereals naturally have secondary metabolites that may help attenuate contamination by these toxins, but it is necessary to know strategies and mechanisms that generate inactivation mycotoxins. This chapter reviews relevant information about cereal mycotoxin contamination, as well as the production of cereal secondary metabolites as a strategy to reduce the possibility of mycotoxin contamination.

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Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin

Cited by 42 publications

References 98 publications

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Fusarium Mycotoxins and Metabolites that Modulate Their Production

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