Occurrence of Carbapenemase-ProducingEnterobacteriaceaeIsolates in the Wildlife: First Report of OXA-48 in Wild Boars in Algeria

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to screen for the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates from wild boars and Barbary macaques in Algeria. Fecal samples were collected from wild boars (n = 168) and Barbary macaques (n = 212), in Bejaia, Algeria, between September 2014 and April 2016. The isolates were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. Carbapenem resistance determinants were studied using PCR and sequencing, while clonal relatedness was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was used to investigate certain virulence genes. Three CPE isolates from three different samples (1.8%) recovered from wild boars were identified as Escherichia coli (two isolates) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (one isolate). These isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, tobramycin, ertapenem, and meropenem. The results of PCR and sequencing analysis showed that all three isolates produced the OXA-48 enzyme. The MLST showed that the two E. coli isolates were assigned to the same sequence type, ST635, and belonged to phylogroup A, whereas K. pneumoniae strain belonged to ST13. The K. pneumoniae strain was positive for multiple virulence factors, whereas no virulence determinants were found in E. coli isolates. This is the first report of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in wild animals from Algeria and Africa.

Spread of OXA-48 and NDM-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST48 and ST101 in Chicken Meat in Western Algeria

“…1,2,4 The absence of carbapenem use in the veterinarian setting has not prevented the appearance of CRE and CPE in animals. 3 Studies have reported CRE emergence, 5,11,[14][15][16] and underlined the risk of their transmission from animals to humans through foodproducing animals. 3,5,11 In Algeria, the large-scale spread of CPE in human, livestock, and food (fresh vegetables and foodproducing animals) suggests an endemic situation.…”

“…In Algeria, the presence of CPE in nonhuman samples has been extensively reported. Carbapenemase-encoding genes were detected in companion animals, [9][10][11] livestock, 11,12 wild animals, 11,[13][14][15][16] and the environment. 11,17,18 Very few data are available concerning food products, although the New Delhi metallo (NDM)-carbapenemase genes (bla NDM-5 and bla NDM-1 ) have been detected in cows' milk.…”

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in wildlife, food-producing, and companion animals: a systematic review

“…specimen tested) [77,79,82]. In companion animals, 2.4e4% of cats, 1.5e2.6% of dogs, and 4% of horses tested in Algeria [67,68], as well as 0.6% of the dogs in France and Spain carried CRE [70,73].…”

“…3. As shown in Tables 2 and S3, CRE isolates harbouring bla OXA-48 , bla NDM-1 , bla NDM-5 , bla NDM-9 , or bla-VIM-1 were detected in dogs [25,67,68,70e75], bla OXA-48 , bla IMP-4 , or bla NDM-1 in cats [67e69, 71,74,75], bla OXA-48 in horses [68,71], bla OXA-48 in pet birds [68], bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 in swallows [25], bla OXA-48 in wild boars [77], bla OXA-48 in wild storks [78], bla IMP , bla VIM-1 , and bla KPC-2 in silver and yellow-legged gulls [79,82,85] and bla NDM-1 in a black kite [83]. Carbapenemase-encoding genes were found in the following bacterial species isolated from companion animals and wildlife: E. coli (bla OXA-48 , bla NDM-1 , bla NDM-5 , bla NDM-9 , bla IMP-4 , bla VIM-1 , bla KPC-2 ), Klebsiella spp.…”

Pathotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Tuscany

“…Several studies in Europe reported data about antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from wild boar. In particular, carbapenemase-producing E. coli were described in Algeria, showing resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, tobramycin, ertapenem, and meropenem [32]. In Brazil, low antimicrobial resistance prevalence was detected, especially to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (10%), cephalothin (7%), and enrofloxacin (5%) [33].…”