Occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on Cured Tobacco Leaves

Kaelin, Pascale; Gadani, Ferruccio

doi:10.1007/s002849910041

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…English et al () revealed that B. subtilis and B. circulans could hasten the development of desirable flavors and improve the smoking qualities of cigar tobacco. B. thuringiensis, which produces bipyramidal crystals, is present on the tobacco leaf surface and can control insect pests that affect stored tobacco (Kaelin & Gadani, ). B. subtilis has a strong ability to control the effects of tobacco black shank (Han et al, ) and displayed an antagonistic effect against Verticillium dahliae , which causes verticillium wilt (Berg & Ballin, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co‐occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue‐cured tobacco leaves

Zhang

et al. 2019

MicrobiologyOpen

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Fermentation, also known as aging, is vital for enhancing the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves (FTLs). Aged FTLs demonstrate high-quality sensory characteristics, while unaged FTLs do not. Microbes play important roles in the FTL fermentation process.However, the eukaryotic microbial community diversity is poorly understood, as are microbial associations within FTLs. We aimed to characterize and compare the microbiota associated with two important categories, fresh and strong flavor style FTLs, and to reveal correlations between the microbial taxa within them. Based on 16S and 18S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing, the community richness and diversity of prokaryotes were almost as high as that of eukaryotes. The dominant microbes of FTLs belonged to seven genera, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Methylobacterium, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Neophaeosphaeria, and Cladosporium, of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Ascomycota phyla. According to partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Xanthomonas, Franconibacter, Massilia, Quadrisphaera, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, Lodderomyces, Symmetrospora, Golovinomyces, and Dioszegia were significantly positively correlated with fresh flavor style FTLs, while Xenophilus, Fusarium, unclassified Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiopsis, Cryphonectria, Colletotrichum, and Cyanodermella were significantly positively correlated with strong flavor style FTLs. Network analysis identified seven hubs, Aureimonas, Kocuria, Massilia, Brachybacterium, Clostridium, Dietzia,and Vishniacozyma, that may play important roles in FTL ecosystem stability, which may be destroyed by Myrmecridium. FTL microbiota was found to be correlated with flavor style. Species present in lower numbers than the dominant microbes might be used as microbial markers to discriminate different flavor style samples and to stabilize FTL microbial communities. This research advances our understanding of FTL microbiota and describes a means of discriminating between fresh and strong flavor FTLs based on their respective stable microbiota. K E Y W O R D Sco-occurrence patterns, flue-cured tobacco leaf, Illumina MiSeq sequencing, microbial community, network analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co‐occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue‐cured tobacco leaves

Zhang

et al. 2019

MicrobiologyOpen

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“…Bacillus spp. have also been identified in cured tobacco leaves (Kaelin and Gadani 2000), stored tobacco (Kaelin et al 1994), dead tobacco beetles (Kaelin et al 1994), and chewing tobacco sold in the United States (Rubinstein and Pedersen 2002). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Pathogens Abundant in the Bacterial Metagenome of Cigarettes

Sapkota

Berger

Vogel

2010

Environ Health Perspect

121

102

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BackgroundMany studies have evaluated chemical, heavy metal, and other abiotic substances present in cigarettes and their roles in the development of lung cancer and other diseases, yet no studies have comprehensively evaluated bacterial diversity of cigarettes and the possible impacts of these microbes on respiratory illnesses in smokers and exposed nonsmokers.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to explore the bacterial metagenomes of commercially available cigarettes.MethodsA 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray and cloning and sequencing were used to evaluate total bacterial diversity of four brands of cigarettes. Normalized microarray data were compared using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to evaluate potential differences in microbial diversity across cigarette brands.ResultsFifteen different classes of bacteria and a broad range of potentially pathogenic organisms were detected in all cigarette samples. Most notably, we detected Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia in ≥ 90% of all cigarette samples. Other pathogenic bacteria detected included Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Proteus, and Staphylococcus. No significant variability in bacterial diversity was observed across the four different cigarette brands.ConclusionsPrevious studies have shown that smoking is associated with colonization by pathogenic bacteria and an increased risk of lung infections. However, this is the first study to show that cigarettes themselves could be the direct source of exposure to a wide array of potentially pathogenic microbes among smokers and other people exposed to secondhand smoke. The overall public health implications of these findings are unclear at this time, and future studies are necessary to determine whether bacteria in cigarettes could play important roles in the development of both infectious and chronic respiratory diseases.

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“…The naturally occurring crystals in B. thuringiensis IS5056 were observed to be very large The shape of the IS5056 CryAb21 inclusion is atypical for Cry1-type protein crystals (2,14,27), and this enabled us to use it as a marker for our experiments in which we examined the reproduction of B. thuringiensis in T. ni. With respect to the atypical shape of the IS5056 crystal, it is known that the native shapes of Cry proteins are largely maintained by interchain disulfide bridges, which can be distorted by physical and chemical treatment (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis That Produces a Quasicuboidal Crystal of Cry1Ab21 Toxic to Larvae of Trichoplusia ni

Święcicka

Bideshi

Federici

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A new isolate (IS5056) of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis that produces a novel variant of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ab21, was isolated from soil collected in northeastern Poland. Cry1Ab21 was composed of 1,155 amino acids and had a molecular mass of 130.5 kDa, and a single copy of the gene coding for this endotoxin was located on a ϳ75-kbp plasmid. When synthesized by the wild-type strain, Cry1Ab21 produced a unique, irregular, bipyramidal crystal whose long and short axes were both approximately 1 m long, which gave it a cuboidal appearance in wet mount preparations. In diet incorporation bioassays, the 50% lethal concentrations of the crystal-spore complex were 16.9 and 29.7 g ml ؊1 for second-and fourth-instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, respectively, but the isolate was essentially nontoxic to larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. A bioassay of autoclaved spore-crystal preparations showed no evidence of ␤-exotoxin activity, indicating that toxicity was due primarily to Cry1Ab21. Studies of the pathogenesis of isolate IS5056 in second-instar larvae of T. ni showed that after larval death the bacterium colonized and subsequently sporulated extensively throughout the cadaver, suggesting that other bacteria inhabiting the midgut lumen played little if any role in mortality. As T. ni is among the most destructive pests of vegetable crops in North America and has developed resistance to B. thuringiensis, this new isolate may have applied value.

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Occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on Cured Tobacco Leaves

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co‐occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue‐cured tobacco leaves

Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co‐occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue‐cured tobacco leaves

Human Pathogens Abundant in the Bacterial Metagenome of Cigarettes

Novel Isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis That Produces a Quasicuboidal Crystal of Cry1Ab21 Toxic to Larvae of Trichoplusia ni

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