Observing the transformation of experience into memory

Paller, Ken A.; Wagner, Anthony D.

doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01845-3

Cited by 799 publications

(714 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…According to this hypothesis, participants should be more accurate in classifying images that are repeated from training, regardless of the presence of an object within the image. At the neural level, the learning of exemplars during training is dependent upon brain networks supporting the perception and encoding of stimuli (for a review see Paller & Wagner, 2002). The physiological effects of anodal tDCS are thought to include increased excitability in the neocortex (Liebetanz, Nitsche, Tergau, & Paulus, 2002), a theory that is supported by our recent findings of increased glutamatergic activity with anodal tDCS (Clark, Coffman, Trumbo, & Gasparovic, 2011); therefore, it is possible that the anodal tDCS delivered in these experiments enhanced activity in specific brain regions, namely the right inferior frontal cortex, which may have facilitated the cognitive functions that support perception and encoding, leading to greater accuracy in classifying images later during testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

et al. 2012

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We have previously found that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over right inferior frontal cortex (RIFC) enhances performance during learning of a difficult visual target detection task (Clark et al., 2012). In order to examine the cognitive mechanisms of tDCS that lead to enhanced performance, here we analyzed its differential effects on responses to stimuli that varied by repetition and target presence, differences related to expectancy by comparing performance in single-and double-blind task designs, and individual differences in skin stimulation and mood. Participants were trained for 1 h to detect target objects hidden in a complex virtual environment, while anodal tDCS was applied over RIFC at 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA for the first 30 min. Participants were tested immediately before and after training and again 1 h later. Higher tDCS current was associated with increased performance for all test stimuli, but was greatest for repeated test stimuli with the presence of hidden-targets. This finding was replicated in a second set of subjects using a double-blind task design. Accuracy for target detection discrimination sensitivity (d ' ; Z(hits) − Z(false alarms)) was greater for 2.0 mA current (1.77) compared with 0.1 mA (0.95), with no differences in response bias (β). Taken together, these findings indicate that the enhancement of performance with tDCS is sensitive to stimulus repetition and target presence, but not to changes in expectancy, mood, or type of blinded task design. The implications of these findings for understanding the cognitive mechanisms of tDCS are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

et al. 2012

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“…Available evidence from EEG and fMRI data suggest that successful encoding into LTM depends on close interactions between frontal and temporal regions. Stronger activation of these regions positively correlates with performance on a later memory test (see Paller and Wagner, 2002;Fell and Axmacher, 2011 for a review). Theta rhythm resulting from hippocampal-cortical interactions proved to be important for encoding episodic memories via long-term potentiation and depression (i.e.…”

Section: Functional Connections Of Fm Theta During Wm Maintenance Is mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We extended the analysis of maintenance processes and compared EEG characteristics of EEG epochs corresponding to successfully versus unsuccessfully maintained items which may reveal additional FC-s beyond those that are sensitive to increasing memory load. Differences in the strength of connectivity resulting from the comparison of the successfully versus unsuccessfully maintained items was thought to characterize the pattern of neuronal network during the time of retention, that may considered to be a predictive indicator of successful maintenance processes (Paller and Wagner, 2002). The comparison of low and high memory demanding trials aimed to reveal sustained functional network of FM theta related to the capacity of WM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal midline theta connectivity is related to efficiency of WM maintenance and is affected by aging

Tóth

Kardos

File

et al. 2014

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Please cite this article as: Tóth, B., Kardos, Z., File, B., Boha, R., Stam, C.J., Molnár, M., Frontal midline theta connectivity is related to efficiency of WM maintenance and is affected by aging, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.nlm.2014.04.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractRepresentations in working memory (WM) are temporary, but can be refreshed for longer periods of time through maintenance mechanisms, thereby establishing their availability for subsequent memory tests. Frontal brain regions supporting WM maintenance operations undergo anatomical and functional changes with advancing age, leading to age related decline of memory functions. The present study focused on age-related functional connectivity changes of the frontal midline (FM) cortex in the theta band (4-8 Hz), related to 2 WM maintenance. In the visual delayed-match-to-sample WM task young (18-26 years, N=20) and elderly (60-71 years N=16) adults had to memorize sample stimuli consisting of 3 or 5 items while 33 channel EEG recording was performed. The phase lag index was used to quantify connectivity strength between cortical regions. The low and high memory demanding WM maintenance periods were classified based on whether they were successfully maintained (remembered) or unsuccessfully maintained (unrecognized later). In the elderly reduced connectivity strength of FM brain region and decreased performance were observed. The connectivity strength between FM and posterior sensory cortices was shown to be sensitive to both increased memory demands and memory performance regardless of age. The coupling of frontal regions (midline and lateral) and FM-temporal cortices characterized successfully maintained trials and declined with advancing age. The findings provide evidence that a FM neural circuit of theta oscillations that serves a possible basis of active maintenance process is especially vulnerable to aging.

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“…Such subsequent memory effects provide powerful evidence regarding the neural substrates of memory formation as they link neural responses during goal-directed stimulus processing with a behavioral measure of effective encoding (i.e. later remembering) [26,50]. Extant fMRI data, however, do not address whether the role of pLIPC and parietal computations in verbal encoding differs depending on whether pre-existing phonological representations are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembling and encoding word representations: fMRI subsequent memory effects implicate a role for phonological control

2003

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Novel word learning is central to the flexibility inherent in the human language capacity. Word learning may partially depend on long-term memory formation during the assembly of phonological representations from orthographic inputs. In the present study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examined the contributions of phonological control-a component of the verbal working memory system-to phonological assembly and word learning. Subjects were scanned while making syllable decisions about visually presented familiar (English) and novel (pseudo-English and Foreign) words, a task that required retrieval and analysis of existing phonological codes or the assembly and analysis of novel representations. Results revealed that left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) and bilateral parietal cortices were differentially engaged during the processing of novel words, suggesting that this circuit is recruited during phonological assembly. A subsequent memory analysis that examined the relation between fMRI signal and the subject's ability to later remember the words (a measure of effective memory formation) revealed that the magnitude of activation in LIPC, bilateral superior parietal, and left inferior parietal cortices was positively correlated with later memory. Moreover, although the magnitude of the subsequent memory effect in parietal cortex was not significantly affected by word type, this effect was greater in posterior LIPC for novel (pseudo-English) than for familiar (English) words. In the course of subserving the assembly of novel word representations, the phonological (articulatory) control component of the phonological system appears to play a central role in the encoding of novel words into long-term memory.

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Observing the transformation of experience into memory

Cited by 799 publications

References 83 publications

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

Frontal midline theta connectivity is related to efficiency of WM maintenance and is affected by aging

Assembling and encoding word representations: fMRI subsequent memory effects implicate a role for phonological control

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