Observations on the Anesthetic Effect of the Combination of Xenon and Halothane

Cullen, Stuart C.; Eger, Edmond I.; Cullen, Bruce F.; Gregory, Paul

doi:10.1097/00000542-196910000-00003

Cited by 173 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…The maximum safe concentration of inhaled xenon has been suggested to be less than one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) on hippocampal slices from 7-d-old rats (24). A concentration of 50% xenon used in this study is equivalent to about 1/3MAC in rats (25) or 0.7MAC in humans (26) which is well within the range of proposed safe concentrations as well as being within the effective neonatal neuroprotective range (13,15,20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

et al. 2015

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“…The most commonly used endpoint for inhalational anesthetics is the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which is the concentration required to prevent a purposeful response to a painful stimulus, such as a surgical incision. For the anesthetics we have used, these concentrations are (for humans) 0.75% for halothane (Steward et al, 1973), 71% for xenon (Cullen et al, 1969), 104% for nitrous oxide (Hornbein et al, 1982), and 9.2% for cyclopropane (Saidman et al, 1967). It should be noted, however, that these concentrations were determined at 37°C, and MAC values decrease with decreasing temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Pore-Domain K⁺ Channels Are a Novel Target for the Anesthetic Gases Xenon, Nitrous Oxide, and Cyclopropane

Gruß

Bushell²,

Bright³

et al. 2004

Mol Pharmacol

280

191

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Nitrous oxide, xenon, and cyclopropane are anesthetic gases that have a distinct pharmacological profile. Whereas the molecular basis for their anesthetic actions remains unclear, they behave very differently to most other general anesthetics in that they have little or no effect on GABA A receptors, yet strongly inhibit the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors. Here we show that certain members of the two-poredomain

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“…Although Xe is an inert gas, it is moderately soluble in blood and tissue (18) and has been used clinically (7) as an inhaled anesthetic, ϳ30% more potent than nitrous oxide (5,12,25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[Xe] values of 30 -50% have been used to measure cerebral blood flow in human studies, but with reported sedating or other side effects when [Xe] Ͼ35% was used (5). Thus, while Xe-CT has the potential to measure regional human pulmonary ventilation, concentrations of Յ35%, with consequent reduced signal, are recommended.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements

Chon¹,

Beck²,

Simon³

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physiology

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EA. Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/ noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements. J Appl Physiol 102: [1535][1536][1537][1538][1539][1540][1541][1542][1543][1544] 2007. First published November 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01235.2005.-Xenon computed tomography (Xe-CT) is used to estimate regional ventilation by measuring regional attenuation changes over multiple breaths while rebreathing a constant Xe concentration ([Xe]). Xe-CT has potential human applications, although anesthetic properties limit [Xe] to Յ35%. We investigate effects of lower [Xe], including a low [Xe]-krypton (Kr) combination, on time constant (TC) determination. Six anesthetized sheep were scanned prone and supine using multidetector row CT. Lungs were imaged by respiratory gating during washin of a 30%, 40%, 55% Xe, and a 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture. Using Kr avoids unwanted effects of Xe. Mean TCs, coefficients of variation (CV), and half confidence intervals (CI)/ mean served as indexes of sensitivity to noise. Mean supine and prone TCs of three [Xe] values were not significantly different. Average CVs of TCs increased from 57% (55% Xe), 58% (40% Xe), and 73% (30% Xe) (P Ͻ 0.05: paired t-tests; 30% Xe vs. higher [Xe]). Monte Carlo simulation indicated a CV based on inherent image noise was 8% for 55% Xe and 17% for 30% Xe (P Ͻ 0.05). Adding 30% Kr to 30% Xe gave a washin signal equivalent to 40% Xe. Half CI/mean using the 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture was not significantly different from 55 and 40% Xe. Although average TCs were not affected by changes in [Xe], the higher CV and half CI/mean suggested reduced signal-to-noise ratio at the 30% [Xe]. The 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture was comparable to that of 40% Xe, providing an important agent for CT-based assessment of regional ventilation in humans.washin; regional ventilation measurements; computed tomography; pulmonary imaging; multidetector computed tomography; Monte Carlo simulation; regional lung function SINCE XENON (XE) GAS WAS FIRST introduced by Knipping and coworkers (21) as a contrast material applicable to the assessment of pulmonary function, it has been used extensively in scintigraphy (2, 3, 26), MRI (36), single-photon emission computed tomography (CT) (1), and X-ray CT (10,25,28). Stable (nonradioactive) Xe gas has a K-edge similar to that of iodine and is a potent X-ray attenuator, providing good contrast enhancement when used in conjunction with CT scanning (42). When imaged in a conventional CT scanner, lung attenuation varies linearly with the Xe concentration ([Xe]) in the air spaces (9), and the time course of Xe accumulation in the lung periphery during breathing, measured with serial CT images, is the basis for the Xe-CT measurement of regional ventilation (4, 33).Although Xe is an inert gas, it is moderately soluble in blood and tissue (18) and has been used clinically (7) as an inhaled anesthetic, ϳ30% more potent than nitrous oxide (5, 12, 25).[Xe] values of 30 -50% have been used to measure cerebral blood flow in human studies, but with repo...

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Observations on the Anesthetic Effect of the Combination of Xenon and Halothane

Cited by 173 publications

References 0 publications

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

Two-Pore-Domain K⁺ Channels Are a Novel Target for the Anesthetic Gases Xenon, Nitrous Oxide, and Cyclopropane

Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements

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Observations on the Anesthetic Effect of the Combination of Xenon and Halothane

Cited by 173 publications

References 0 publications

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

Adding 5 h delayed xenon to delayed hypothermia treatment improves long-term function in neonatal rats surviving to adulthood

Two-Pore-Domain K+ Channels Are a Novel Target for the Anesthetic Gases Xenon, Nitrous Oxide, and Cyclopropane

Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements

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Two-Pore-Domain K⁺ Channels Are a Novel Target for the Anesthetic Gases Xenon, Nitrous Oxide, and Cyclopropane