Observations of Equines, Humans and Domestic and Wild Vertebrates During the 1969 Equine Epizootic and Epidemic of Venezuelan Encephalitis in Guatemala1

Scherer, William F.; Ordóñez, José V.; Jahrling, P. B.; Pancake, Bette A.; Dickerman, Robert W.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121393

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…For clearance experiments, hamsters were inoculated under light ether anesthesia via the intracardiac route by using plastic syringes and 23-gauge needles. At 1,5,10,20,40,80, and occasionally 120 min after inoculation of 106 8 to 107.0 PFU of virus in 1 ml of BA containing 1 mg of Evan's blue, 0.3 to 0.5 ml of blood was taken from the orbital sinus of each hamster under light ether anesthesia by using plastic syringes wet with heparin (200 U/ml) and 22-gauge needles. Three to eight hamsters were successfully inoculated and serially bled for each virus tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Curves and Clearance Rates of Virulent and Benign Venezuelan Encephalitis Viruses in Hamsters

Jahrling

Scherer

1973

Infect Immun

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Four virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus attained higher concentrations of infectious virus in bloods of adult hamsters than two benign strains when given subcutaneously. One benign virus, the attenuated TC83 vaccine strain, reached higher concentrations in bone marrow and Peyer's patches than virulent subtype I strains, and another benign virus, subtype IV, grew to lower levels. When inoculated intracranially, the two benign viruses attained high concentrations in brain, but did not significantly alter in lethality although morbidity was increased. Intracardiac inoculation failed to increase virus concentrations of two benign viruses in blood or hematopoietic tissues above those found after subcutaneous inoculation, nor did it increase lethalities to those of virulent virus. Three benign virus strains were cleared more rapidly from hamster plasmas than six virulent strains. Differences in clearance rates were apparently not due to destruction of benign viruses by blood or tissue components. Thus viral concentrations in blood correlated directly and clearance rates inversely with hamster virulence, whereas the rate and extent of growth of a VE virus in hematopoietic or brain tissues did not correlate with ability to kill hamsters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Curves and Clearance Rates of Virulent and Benign Venezuelan Encephalitis Viruses in Hamsters

Jahrling

Scherer

1973

Infect Immun

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“…VEEV is typically diagnosed by virus isolation and serological tests. The virus is normally found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or throat swabs, but can also be detected in the pancreas or other tissues (Scherer et al, 1972;Valero-Fuenmayor et al, 1997). VEEV can also be tested and isolated in guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, embryonated chicken eggs, and cell lines such as Vero, RK-13, and BHK-21.…”

Section: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerging infectious disease diagnostics

et al. 2014

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Detection of early infectious disease may be challenging due to the low copy number of organisms present. To overcome this limitation and rapidly measure low concentrations of the pathogen, we developed a novel technology: Nanotrap particles, which are designed to capture, concentrate, and protect biomarkers from complex biofluids. Nanotrap particles are thermoresponsive hydrogels that are capable of antigen capture through the coupling of affinity baits to the particles. Here, we describe recent findings demonstrating that Nanotrap particles are able to capture live infectious virus, viral RNA, and viral proteins. Capture is possible even in complex mixtures such as serum and allows the concentration and protection of these analytes, providing increased performance of downstream assays. The Nanotrap particles are a versatile sample preparation technology that has far reaching implications for biomarker discovery and diagnostic assays.

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“…Horses become recumbent and death is usually 5-14 days after clinical signs begin. The case fatality rate is 38-80 % (Scherer et al 1972;Tigertt and Downs 1962). Equine vaccines for VEE are commercially available in the U.S.…”

Section: Clinical Signs In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Zoonoses: Consequences of Horse-Human Interactions

Dwyer

2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Fortunately, horses have a limited number of diseases that can be transmitted to humans under natural circumstances. However, due to the close contact of horses with many people as work, exhibition or companion animals, human exposures to horse diseases can be more numerous than for other large animals. Some equine zoonoses are significant and emerging, such as Hendra virus, while others are well known: anthrax, rabies and salmonellosis. International and national transportation of horses for competition and sales also require steadfast testing and surveillance of equine infectious diseases to reduce the risk of spread. This chapter will review the zoonotic diseases of horses that can spread to humans via natural exposure:

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Observations of Equines, Humans and Domestic and Wild Vertebrates During the 1969 Equine Epizootic and Epidemic of Venezuelan Encephalitis in Guatemala1

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Growth Curves and Clearance Rates of Virulent and Benign Venezuelan Encephalitis Viruses in Hamsters

Growth Curves and Clearance Rates of Virulent and Benign Venezuelan Encephalitis Viruses in Hamsters

The use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerging infectious disease diagnostics

Equine Zoonoses: Consequences of Horse-Human Interactions

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