Obesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs: Review and perspectives

Marchi, Pedro H.; Vendramini, Thiago Henrique Annibale; Perini, Mariana Pamplona; Zafalon, Rafael Vessecchi Amorim; Amaral, Andressa Rodrigues; Ochamotto, Vanessa A.; Silveira, Juliano Coelho da; Dagli, M.L.; Brunetto, Márcio Antônio

doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1004122

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…Obesity in dogs is associated with a wide diversity of disease types, ranging for example from metabolic such as diabetes mellitus ( 26 ), to orthopedic ( 19 ), and cancer ( 53 ), some of which might impact lifespan. In terms of the relationship between body condition and disease, obesity is likely to be a causative risk factor for many of these conditions e.g., diabetes, but it can be a consequence of some other diseases such as hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism ( 54 – 56 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data

Montoya

Morrison²,

Arrignon

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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There are few recent and methodologically robust life expectancy (LE) tables for dogs or cats. This study aimed to generate LE tables for these species with clinical records from >1,000 Banfield Pet hospitals in the USA. Using Sullivan's method, LE tables were generated across survey years 2013–2019, by survey year, and for subpopulations defined by sex, adult body size group (purebred dogs only: toy, small, medium, large and giant), and median body condition score (BCS) over life. The deceased population for each survey year comprised animals with a recorded date of death in that year; survivors had no death date in that year and were confirmed living by a veterinary visit in a subsequent year. The dataset totaled 13,292,929 unique dogs and 2,390,078 unique cats. LE at birth (LEbirth) was 12.69 years (95% CI: 12.68–12.70) for all dogs, 12.71 years (12.67–12.76) for mixed-breed dogs, 11.18 years (11.16–11.20) for cats, and 11.12 (11.09–11.14) for mixed-breed cats. LEbirth increased with decreasing dog size group and increasing survey year 2013 to 2018 for all dog size groups and cats. Female dogs and cats had significantly higher LEbirth than males: 12.76 years (12.75–12.77) vs. 12.63 years (12.62–12.64), and 11.68 years (11.65–11.71) vs. 10.72 years (10.68–10.75), respectively. Obese dogs (BCS 5/5) had a significantly lower LEbirth [11.71 years (11.66–11.77)] than overweight dogs (BCS 4/5) [13.14 years (13.12–13.16)] and dogs with ideal BCS 3/5 [13.18 years (13.16–13.19)]. The LEbirth of cats with BCS 4/5 [13.67 years (13.62–13.71)] was significantly higher than cats with BCS 5/5 [12.56 years (12.45–12.66)] or BCS 3/5 [12.18 years (12.14–12.21)]. These LE tables provide valuable information for veterinarians and pet owners and a foundation for research hypotheses, as well as being a stepping-stone to disease-associated LE tables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data

Montoya

Morrison²,

Arrignon

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Excessive or insufficient energy intake may have adverse effects on animals [63]. Research on the nutritional regulation of obesity in dogs and cats is increasing [64,65], but the question of how to ensure healthy weight loss in animals while controlling energy is currently an important topic in dog and cat nutrition research [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in domestic dogs and cats [1][2][3] and there are a variety of commercial veterinary diets in the pet food market and animal practice targeting this issue. The energy levels and nutritional compositions of veterinary diets for weight loss vary considerably.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Diet Energy Levels Alter Body Condition, Glucolipid Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Adult Beagle Dogs

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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Diet energy is a key component of pet food, but it is usually ignored during pet food development and pet owners also have limited knowledge of its importance. This study aimed to explore the effect of diet energy on the body condition, glucolipid metabolism, fecal microbiota and metabolites of adult beagles and analyze the relation between diet and host and gut microbiota. Eighteen healthy adult neutered male beagles were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Diets were formulated with three metabolizable energy (ME) levels: the low-energy (Le) group consumed a diet of 13.88 MJ/kg ME; the medium-energy (Me) group consumed a diet of 15.04 MJ/kg ME; and the high-energy (He) group consumed a diet of 17.05 MJ/kg ME. Moreover, the protein content of all these three diets was 29%. The experiment lasted 10 weeks, with a two-week acclimation period and an eight-week test phase. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS) and body fat index (BFI) decreased in the Le group, and the changes in these factors in the Le group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The serum glucose and lipid levels of the Le and He groups changed over time (p < 0.05), but those of the Me group were stable (p > 0.05). The fecal pH of the Le and He groups decreased at the end of the trial (p < 0.05) and we found that the profiles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) changed greatly, especially secondary BAs (p < 0.05). As SCFAs and secondary BAs are metabolites of the gut microbiota, the fecal microbiota was also measured. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing found that the Me group had higher α-diversity indices (p < 0.05). The Me group had notably higher levels of gut probiotics, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides plebeius and Blautia producta (p < 0.05). The diet–host–fecal microbiota interactions were determined by network analysis, and fecal metabolites may help to determine the best physical condition of dogs, assisting pet food development. Overall, feeding dogs low- or high-energy diets was harmful for glucostasis and promoted the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, while a medium-energy diet maintained an ideal body condition. We concluded that dogs that are fed a low-energy diet for an extended period may become lean and lose muscle mass, but diets with low energy levels and 29% protein may not supply enough protein for dogs losing weight.

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“…In this scenario, the role played by the inflammatory environment in inducing additional insulin resistance seemed to explain worsened insulin sensitivity due to pyometra compared with the isolated diestrus influences [ 16 ]. Chronic inflammation due to obesity [ 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ] or periodontitis [ 120 , 121 ], leading to insulin resistance, represents other examples of the negative effect of inflammation on insulin sensibility in dogs. These findings allowed the assumption that conditions such as diestrus and pyometra can exert insulin resistance at the IR and post-IR levels, and mechanisms such as IR upregulation represent a potential peripheral compensatory modulation [ 52 , 79 , 81 ].…”

Section: Pyometra and Its Impact On Insulin Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice

Pöppl,

Lopes,

Nogueira

et al. 2024

Animals

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Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the role of pyometra as a further cause of insulin resistance, and (3) useful individual therapeutic and preventive strategies. PRDM is recognized due to diestrus, exogenous progestogen exposure, pregnancy, and P4-production ovarian dysfunction. Pyometra represents additional inflammatory and septic negative influence on insulin sensitivity, and its diagnosis associated with CDM is therapeutically challenging. The estrus cycle’s hormone fluctuations seem to modulate peripheric insulin sensibility by influencing insulin receptor (IR) affinity and its binding capacity, as well as modulating tyrosine kinase activity. Pyometra was shown to negatively influence IR compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance causing glucose intolerance. Spaying and pregnancy termination may cause diabetes remission in PRDM cases in a median time of 10 days (1–51). Pharmacological annulment of progesterone effects may benefit patients unable to undergo surgery; however, remission chances are virtually null. The ALIVE (Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology) project proposed new criteria for CDM diagnoses and subclinical diabetes recognition. These new concepts may increase the frequency of a PRDM diagnosis and, even more, its relevance. Spaying represents a preventive measure against pyometra and PRDM that should be individually assessed in light of its recognized benefits and harms.

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Obesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs: Review and perspectives

Cited by 14 publications

References 200 publications

Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data

Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data

Different Diet Energy Levels Alter Body Condition, Glucolipid Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Adult Beagle Dogs

Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice

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