Nutritional Status Associated to Skipping Breakfast in Brazilian Health Service Patients

Abstract

Recent studies show that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, this study evaluated 400 patients from the Brazilian health service who had their nutritional status defined based on the body mass index and were classified as physically active or insufficient active. The energy intake and macronutrients was also assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall where the association of overweight/obesity with the investigated variables was evaluated using chi-square, Student's t test and multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). The main results showed that more than half of the studied population have the habit of omitting breakfast (55.8%), and among those, 81.2% were overweight/obese (p < 0.0001). Almost three-fourths of these individuals consumed no more than 4 meals a day (73.0%), and regarding this meal frequency/day, 78.8% of the individuals who reported having 4 meals or less a day were overweight/obese compared with 57.8% who reported as having 5-6 meals/day (p < 0.0001). The individuals who reported to omit breakfast had a higher chance of being overweight compared with those who had this habit (OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.40-3.60) and the chance of the physically insufficient active individuals to be overweight/obese was 2.9 times higher when compared to the active individuals (p < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that regular breakfast consumption may decrease overweight and obesity risk.

Nutritional Quality of Breakfast Consumed by the Low-Income Population in Brazil: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

“…In the present study, skipping breakfast was not correlated to overweight or obesity ( p = 0.631), thereby corroborating Betts et al [70], who did not find a difference between the body mass of breakfast eaters and skippers. Studies showed that skipping breakfast was correlated to obesity [71,72,73]. However, the population studied was different from ours, as our study evaluated the low-income Brazilian population using the CRs as the main source of food at lunch.…”

Association between Breakfast Skipping and Body Weight—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Longitudinal Studies

“…The risk of bias in included studies was assessed by applying the "Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions" (ROBINS-I) tool [65] for each study (Supplementary Table S2). Along with the risk of bias due to confounding, age, sex, education or socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and total energy intake (TEI) were established in accordance with the literature [31,34,40,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]; as these are important covariables because of their confounding nature of being associated with breakfast and body weight. Moreover, the quality of evidence of the conducted meta-analyses was assessed by using the "Nutrition Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation" (NutriGRADE) approach [82] (Supplementary Table S3).…”

Association Between Breakfast Skipping and Body Weight – a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Longitudinal Studies

“…Another study [110] reports an increased BMI with increasing economic status in both, women and men. With increasing age, the likelihood of overweight/obesity increased, too [62]. The sex gradient indicates that women are more likely to be overweight/obese, globally [112].…”

“…The risk of bias in included studies was assessed by applying the "Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions" (ROBINS-I) tool [60] on each study (Supplementary Appendix, Table S2). Along with the risk of bias due to confounding, age, sex, education or socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and total energy intake (TEI) were established in accordance with the literature [27,29,35,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] as important covariables because of their confounding nature of being associated with breakfast and body weight. Moreover, the quality of evidence of the conducted meta-analyses was assessed by using the "Nutrition Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation" (NutriGRADE) approach [77] (Supplementary Appendix, Table S3).…”