Nutrient Dynamics in the Baltic Sea

Håkanson, Lars; Bryhn, Andreas C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70909-1_5

Cited by 7 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The Baltic Sea is the largest brackish water body in the world. The factors such as restricted water exchange, water stratification, oxygen deficiency in deep waters, shallow depths (mean depth = 53 m), and a large ratio of catchment area to the surface of the sea (4:1), cause the Baltic Sea to be sensitive to human pressure (Håkanson and Bryhn 2008 ; Wulff et al 2001 ). Agricultural and industrial catchment areas have led to considerable degradation of the sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

Graca

Staniszewska

Zakrzewska

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This paper reports the reconstruction of the pollution history of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) in the Baltic Sea. Alkylphenols are endocrine-disrupting compound and therefore toxic to aquatic organisms. Sediment cores were collected from regions with relatively stable sedimentation conditions. The cores were dated by the 210Pb method. The OP and NP were determined using HPLC-FL. The highest inventory of these compounds was observed in the Gotland Deep (610 μg m2 of NP and 47 μg m2 of OP) and the lowest—on the slope of the Gdansk Deep (24 μg m2 of NP and 16 μg m2 of OP). Such spatial distribution was probably, among other factors, the result of the uplift of the sea floor. The pollution trends of OP and NP in sediments coincided with the following: (1) the beginnings of eutrophication (1960s/1970s of the twentieth century) and (2) strong increase in the areal extent and volume of hypoxia and anoxia in the Baltic (present century).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6262-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

Graca

Staniszewska

Zakrzewska

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Therefore, it is the share of these bioavailable nutrient forms that determine the eutrophication potential of wastewater discharged into receivers. Nitrates and ammonium are considered to be the most available N compounds (Nakajima et al 2006 ; Håkansson and Bryhn 2008 ), while orthophosphates (H 2 PO 4 − , HPO 4 2 − , or PO 4 3− ) are the only directly available P form for planktonic algae and bacteria (Warwick et al 2013 ; Venkiteshwaran et al 2018 ). Therefore, it should be emphasized, that not only total nutrient forms but mainly their inorganic compounds should be limited by legal regulations aimed at mitigating eutrophication.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients

Preisner

Neverova-Dziopak

Kowalewski

2020

Environmental Management

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Despite the implementation of strict legal standards concerning nutrient loads within wastewater discharges in all European Union (EU) Member States it was not possible to achieve good ecological and chemical water status by 2015 in all EU countries. The main reasons for this situation are the imperfections of the legislation tools regarding the standardization of wastewater quality and the methodology of determining the conditions for wastewater introduction into receivers. The study aims to review and analyze the currently existing in various countries legal regulations setting the standards for wastewater discharged into receivers, which were intended for surface water protection and eutrophication mitigation. Besides the EU effluent standards, the regional and national regulations in chosen EU Member States (e.g., Germany, Sweden, and Denmark) have been reviewed. Moreover, the Helsinki Commission recommendations for signatory countries within the Baltic Sea catchment and the approaches for wastewater quality standardization in non-EU countries (e.g., Russia, Belarus, Switzerland, China, USA, Canada, and Dubai) were assessed. The analysis of the reviewed legal regulations allowed to diversify the methodological approaches for setting effluent quality standards in different regions and countries and to assess the effectiveness of existing legal tools in the field of eutrophication mitigation with the consideration of the environmental and economic reasonability. The results suggest that the receiver-oriented policies used among others in Switzerland and China are the most reasonable in terms of eutrophication mitigation.

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“…The corresponding number for the sediments between 65 m and 100 m water depth would be around 100,000 tonnes, and the area equivalent to the expansion of laminated sediments between 1960 and 1990 according to Jonsson et al 9 Reducing the amount of phosphorus in the bottom waters by 100,000 tonnes corresponds to a decrease in phosphorus concentration around 30 mg/m 3 in the deep water (below 65 m), and the effect would possibly be felt also in the surface water although less dramatic. It is worth reflecting on the fact that the adjacent Bothnian Sea, where almost all sediment surfaces are oxic, 38 typically has total phosphorus concentrations in surface water around 10 mg/m 3 lower than the Baltic Proper, 6 keeping in mind that also the external P loading is lower to this basin. 3…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the Baltic Sea Action Plan, the annual phosphorus load should be reduced with around 15,000 tonnes, including 12,500 tonnes to the Baltic Proper. 4 Budget calculations for the Baltic Proper indicate that the sediments annually release between 18,000 and 285,000 tonnes of phosphorus to the water column, 5,6 the latter including resuspension of old clays due to land uplift. Savchuk 7 found that a net flux of around 20,000 tonnes of phosphorus from the sediments of the Baltic Proper was required to sustain measured levels of phosphorus in the water column.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Pool of Mobile Phosphorus in Offshore Soft Sediments of the Baltic Proper

Malmaeus

Karlsson

2011

Air, Soil and Water Research

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Background: Eutrophication is a major threat to many coastal ecosystems worldwide. This paper deals with the sediment-water exchange of phosphorus, one of the elements that may stimulate primary production in the aquatic environment. The lack of phosphorus-binding capacity in sediments at low redox-potential is recognized as an important mechanism for eutrophication-related effects in some areas. Methods: Twelve sediment cores were collected in the Baltic Proper between 61 m and 175 m water depth and a number of phosphorus fractions were analyzed. Integrating the concentrations over the depth profiles, the amounts of mobile phosphorus were estimated in each core. Results: It was found that sediments below the redox cline in the Baltic Proper contained small amounts of mobile phosphorus. The total amount of mobile phosphorus in the entire Baltic Proper sediments below 65 m water depth was estimated to between 55,000 tonnes and 156,000 tonnes or between less than 10% to around 25% of the phosphate in the system (water plus sediments). This represents the maximum amount of phosphorus that could possibly be released to the water column from these areas. We argue that the most reasonable estimate of the pool of mobile phosphorus in the sediments is the lower number. Conclusion: The amounts of mobile phosphorus in sediment cores with oxidized surface layers were higher compared with sediment cores with reduced surfaces, indicating that there is a potential phosphorus-binding capacity in sediments below the redox cline if oxic conditions improved. Oxygenation of the Baltic Proper bottom water between 65 m and 100 m could probably remove around 100,000 tonnes of phosphorus from the water column and reduce phosphorus concentrations in the deep water by on average 30 mg/m 3 , which would possibly be felt also in the surface water.

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Nutrient Dynamics in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients

Estimating the Pool of Mobile Phosphorus in Offshore Soft Sediments of the Baltic Proper

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