Nutrient digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites of Jersey heifers fed chitosan and whole raw soybeans

Gandra, Jefferson Rodrigues; Takiya, Caio Seiti; Oliveira, Euclides Reuter de; Paiva, Pablo Gomes de; Goes, Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de; Gandra, Érika Rosendo de Sena; Araki, H.M.C.

doi:10.1590/s1806-92902016000300007

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…To the best of our knowledge, no data are available regarding the effects of CHI and WRS on nutrient digestibility, metabolic profile, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Gandra et al (2016b) evaluated the combination of CHI and WRS in diets of Jersey heifers and did not report interaction effects on nutrient digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabo- Table 7. Influence of whole raw soybeans (WRS) and chitosan (CHI; 0 or 4 g/kg of DM) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile of lactating cows (g/100 g of FA) lites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chitosan and whole raw soybeans on ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

Zanferari

Vendramini

Rentas

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether providing chitosan (CHI) to cows fed diets supplemented with whole raw soybeans (WRS) would affect the nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations, microbial protein synthesis, N utilization, blood metabolites, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (141 ± 37.1 d in milk, 38.8 ± 6.42 kg/d of milk yield; mean ± SD) were enrolled to a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 23-d periods. Cows were blocked within Latin squares according to milk yield, days in milk, body weight, and rumen cannula (n = 8). A 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement was randomly assigned to cows within blocks. Treatments were composed of diets with 2 inclusion rates of WRS (0 or 14% diet dry matter) and 2 doses of CHI (0 or 4 g/kg of dry matter, Polymar Ciência e Nutrição, Fortaleza, Brazil). In general, CHI+WRS negatively affected nutrient intake and digestibility of cows, decreasing milk yield and solids production. The CHI increased ruminal pH and decreased acetate to propionate ratio, and WRS reduced NH-N concentration and acetate to propionate in the rumen. The CHI reduced the relative bacterial population of Butyrivibrio group, whereas WRS decreased the relative bacterial population of Butyrivibrio group, and Fibrobacter succinogenes, and increased the relative bacterial population of Streptococcus bovis. No interaction effects between CHI and WRS were observed on ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations. The CHI+WRS decreased N intake, microbial N synthesis, and N secreted in milk of cows. The WRS increased N excreted in feces and consequently decreased the N excreted in urine. The CHI had no effects on blood metabolites, but WRS decreased blood concentrations of glucose and increased blood cholesterol concentration. The CHI and WRS improved efficiency of milk yield of cows in terms of fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and net energy of lactation. The CHI increased milk concentration [g/100 g of fatty acids (FA)] of 18:1 trans-11, 18:2 cis-9,cis-12, 18:3 cis-9,cis-12,cis-15, 18:1 cis-9,trans-11, total monounsaturated FA, and total polyunsaturated FA. The WRS increased total monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and 18:0 to unsaturated FA ratio in milk of cows. Evidence indicates that supplementing diets with unsaturated fat sources along with CHI negatively affects nutrient intake and digestibility of cows, resulting in less milk production. Diet supplementation with CHI or WRS can improve feed efficiency and increases unsaturated FA concentration in milk of dairy cows.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chitosan and whole raw soybeans on ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

Zanferari

Vendramini

Rentas

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The application of chitosan either alone or blended with other natural polymers can be done in several ways such as silage inoculants, food processing, food preservation, textile, biotechnology, water treatment, pharmaceutical, tissue engineering, and the cosmetics industry [35,36]. Recent research in animal nutrition has focused on its potential to modulate rumen fermentation in beef or dairy cattle [37,38,39,40,41] and nutrient digestibility in cattle. The chitosan extraction process can be carried out in a chemical or biological way.…”

Section: Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Dias [28] reported that in grazing beef steers supplemented with chitosan (0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 mg/kg DM), the increment recorded in dry matter intake (DMI) was probably associated with the increase in crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. On the other hand, Rodrigues [37] , using Jersey heifers fed chitosan at 2.0 g/kg DM, observed a reduction in DMI, increased DM, CP, and NDF digestibilities, and reduced methane synthesis by an improved feed efficiency when chitosan was included as a feed additive.…”

Section: Effects Of Chitosan In In Vivo Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants

Jiménez-Ocampo

Valencia-Salazar

Pinzón-Díaz³

et al. 2019

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Simple SummaryRuminant husbandry is one the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector, particularly of methane gas, which is a byproduct of the anaerobic fermentation of structural and non-structural carbohydrates in the rumen. Increasing the efficiency of production systems and decreasing its environmental burden is a global commitment, thus methane mitigation is a strategy in which to reach these goals by rechanneling metabolic hydrogen (H2) into volatile fatty acids (VFA) to reduce the loss of energy as methane in the rumen, which ranges from 2% (grain rations) to 12% (poor-quality forage rations) of gross energy intake. A strategy to achieve that goal may be through the manipulation of rumen fermentation with natural compounds such as chitosan. In this review, we describe the effects of chitosan on feed intake and rumen fermentation, and present some results on methanogenesis. The main compounds with antimethanogenic properties are the secondary metabolites, which are generally classified into five main groups: saponins, tannins, essential oils, organosulfurized compounds, and flavonoids. Novel compounds of interest include chitosan obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, with beneficial properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and chelation of metal ions. This compound has shown its potential to modify the rumen microbiome, improve nitrogen (N) metabolism, and mitigate enteric methane (CH4) under some circumstances. Further evaluations in vivo are necessary at different doses in ruminant species as well as the economic evaluation of its incorporation in practical rations.AbstractLivestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH4 with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N2O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO2) arising from enteric fermentation or from manure management, respectively. In fact, CH4 is the second most important GHG emitted globally. This current scenario has increased the concerns about global warming and encouraged the development of intensive research on different natural compounds to be used as feed additives in ruminant rations and modify the rumen ecosystem, fermentation pattern, and mitigate enteric CH4. The compounds most studied are the secondary metabolites of plants, which include a vast array of chemical substances like polyphenols and saponins that are present in plant tissues of different species, but the results are not consistent, and the extraction cost has constrained their utilization in practical animal feeding. Other new compounds of interest include polysaccharide biopolymers such as chitosan, mainly obtained as a marine co-product. As with other compounds, the effect of chitosan on the rumen microbial population depends on the source, purity, dose, process of extraction, and storage. In addition, it is important to identify compounds without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. The present review is aimed at providing in...

show abstract

“…In several studies with ruminants, e.g. beef cattle (Araújo et al ., 2015; Dias et al ., 2017) and dairy cattle (Garcia-Rodriguez et al ., 2015; de Paiva et al ., 2016; Gandra et al ., 2016; Del Valle et al ., 2017), chitosan was effective in improving nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and, in some cases, feed efficiency and milk yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study was carried out to examine the effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion. Eighty uncastrated Santa Inês lambs (23 ± 2.2 kg average weight, 4 months old) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that consisted of two cottonseed processing forms (whole or ground) and two chitosan levels (0 or 136 mg/kg live weight). Higher dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was achieved with the diets containing the whole cottonseed. Ether extract ADC was higher in the animals fed the chitosan-containing diet. There was an interaction effect on the ADC of neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, which increased with chitosan inclusion associated with the whole cottonseed. The lambs that received the treatment containing the whole cottonseed showed higher microbial protein synthesis. Chitosan addition increased nitrogen retention. The animals fed chitosan-containing diets showed higher microbial protein synthesis. There was an interaction effect on microbial protein synthesis. Whole cottonseed associated with chitosan in lamb diets increases ether extract ADC and microbial protein synthesis.

show abstract

Nutrient digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites of Jersey heifers fed chitosan and whole raw soybeans

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Effects of chitosan and whole raw soybeans on ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

Effects of chitosan and whole raw soybeans on ruminal fermentation and bacterial populations, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants

Effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About