Numerical simulation of transient temperature and axial deformation during linear friction welding between TC11 and TC17 titanium alloys

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Welding Joints with Dissimilar Titanium Alloys

“…These low-angle grains rotated to form high-angle strains free grains, resulting in very fine equal-axed grains in WZ. In the case of materials in the TMAZ, they experienced thermo-mechanical deformation in sub β t temperature [33,34] and the deformation was in a smaller extent, so there was no sufficient deformed energy to fully activate re-crystallization and the part re-crystallization occurred to the deformed grain boundaries. In the case of HAZ, a little heat was conducted from the WZ to the zone, leading to the dissolution of α s .…”

Modelling the influence of the process inputs on the removal of surface contaminants from Ti–6Al–4V linear friction welds

“…Also, models of this type show that the two workpieces never truly merge -as happens in reality for many materials [2,26,27] -meaning that the mechanical mixing of the separate workpieces is not considered. The second approach [7,9,10,[14][15][16]18,22,25] is to model only one workpiece, which is oscillated against a non-deformable surface, as shown in Fig. 2(b).…”

“…Although the 2D models do not model the material expulsion perpendicular to the direction of oscillation they do provide a good insight into the process without requiring the heavy computational times of the 3D models. According to the reviewed literature, there are three main approaches that may be taken when finite element modelling the LFW process [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], which are illustrated in Fig. 2.…”

“…Computational models offer a pragmatic method to understand what is happening during the rapidly evolving process. Various authors have developed two [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and three [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] dimensional (2D/3D) computational models. These models have been used to predict various weld responses, such as: residual stress formation [11,13], strain rates [1], flash morphology [1,12], flash formation rates [1,8,9,12,19], thermal fields [1,6,[8][9][10][11][12]14,17,[19][20][21]25] and microstructural evolution [23].…”

Strain hardening behavior of linear friction welded joints between TC11 and TC17 dissimilar titanium alloys

“…LFW is a solid state process for joining materials together through intimate contact of a plasticized interface, which is generated by frictional heat produced as one component is moved relatively to another under pressure [6][7][8]. It is a complicated and quick thermo-mechanically coupled physical process, which is suitable for materials with low thermal conductivity and high temperature mechanical properties [9].…”