Numerical Simulation of Impregnation Process of Reactive Injection Pultrusion for Glass Fiber/PA6 Composites

Ding, Xueliang; He, Qing; Yang, Qun; Wang, Suwei; Chen, Ke

doi:10.3390/polym14040666

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Ding et al [ 64 ] divided the impregnation process into two‐phase flow (liquid resin and air), and analyzed the influence of pulling rate and injection pressure on the impregnation time and resin reflux distance, having the following continuity equation and momentum equation:

\frac{\partial (ρ)}{\partial t} + \nabla ∙ (ρ \overset{true¯}{normalU}) = 0,

\frac{\partial ((), normalρ \overset{U}{true})}{\partial t} goodbreak+ \nabla ∙ ((), normalρ ∙ \overset{U}{true} ⨂ \overset{U}{true}) goodbreak= goodbreak- \nabla normalP ∙ normalδ goodbreak+ \nabla ∙ ((), normalη ∙ ((), \nabla \overset{U}{true} goodbreak+ {(\nabla \overset{true¯}{normalU})}^{T})) goodbreak- \frac{η}{K} \overset{U}{true} goodbreak+ S,

where ρ is the average density of liquid resin and air, t is the time,

\overset{true¯}{U}

is the apparent velocity, P is the pressure of impregnation, and η is the average viscosity of liquid resin and air. S is the momentum source term generated by gravity.…”

Section: In Situ Polymerization Pultrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where P is the pressure of impregnation, z is the coordinate axis coinciding with the pulling direction, and U z is fluid motion speed along the longitudinal axis. Ding et al [64] divided the impregnation process into two-phase flow (liquid resin and air), and analyzed the influence of pulling rate and injection pressure on the impregnation time and resin reflux distance, having the following continuity equation and momentum equation:…”

Section: Impregnationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite pultrusion with in situ polymerizable methyl methacrylate: A review

2023

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Compared to thermosetting resins, thermoplastic polymers offer many advantages as fiber reinforced composite matrices, such as excellent toughness, superior corrosion resistance, weldability, and recyclable, etc. However, the processibility of thermoplastic composites is commonly considered as a challenge because of the high viscosity of polymer melts (e.g., polypropylene, polyetheretherketone, etc.), which remarkably hinders their applications. Using low viscosity and in situ polymerizable thermoplastic resins to manufacture continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have been deemed as a cost-effective emerging approach to surpass the processibility challenges. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of advancement in the engineering, high-performance and room-temperature-processible liquid methyl methacrylate (MMA) resins and their composites up to date. First, the polymerization behavior and kinetic modeling of the MMA resins are reviewed, and the effects of initiators on the polymerization are summarized. In the second part, the pultrusion process and modeling including impregnation, temperature distribution and pulling force are discussed. Next, the mechanical properties and durability of the carbon fiber-, glass fiber-reinforced MMA-matrix composites are presented. Finally, the challenges of the preparation and application of the MMA-matrix composites are identified.

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\frac{\partial (ρ)}{\partial t} + \nabla ∙ (ρ \overset{true¯}{normalU}) = 0,

\frac{\partial ((), normalρ \overset{U}{true})}{\partial t} goodbreak+ \nabla ∙ ((), normalρ ∙ \overset{U}{true} ⨂ \overset{U}{true}) goodbreak= goodbreak- \nabla normalP ∙ normalδ goodbreak+ \nabla ∙ ((), normalη ∙ ((), \nabla \overset{U}{true} goodbreak+ {(\nabla \overset{true¯}{normalU})}^{T})) goodbreak- \frac{η}{K} \overset{U}{true} goodbreak+ S,

where ρ is the average density of liquid resin and air, t is the time,

\overset{true¯}{U}

is the apparent velocity, P is the pressure of impregnation, and η is the average viscosity of liquid resin and air. S is the momentum source term generated by gravity.…”

Section: In Situ Polymerization Pultrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impregnationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite pultrusion with in situ polymerizable methyl methacrylate: A review

2023

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show abstract

“…To date, some experimental and theoretical investigations for acquiring a profound comprehension of the pultrusion process (containing the impregnation, temperature distribution and pulling force etc.) can be found in references 9–17. It is noted that the temperature gradients induced by the exothermic reaction of the reactive thermoplastic matrices take place during processing, and bring out the shrinkage, mechanical properties degradation and thermal expansion 18,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An acrylic resin system for in‐situ pultrusion: Curing performances and rheology

Tian,

Zhang,

Xian

2023

Polymer Composites

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In recent years, the use of low viscosity and in‐situ polymerizable thermoplastic acrylic resins for advanced fiber reinforced composites has grown, specially to address the difficulty of fiber impregnation with high‐melt viscosity thermoplastic polymers. The present work investigated the curing kinetics, chemo‐rheology of an acrylic resin system for in‐situ pultrusion, and proposed the corresponding constitutive models. First, the curing kinetics was studied with the differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The viscosity development was obtained by a rheometer as functions of the degree of cure (DOC) and temperatures. The gelation point was acquired from the intersection point of storage and loss modulus curves through dynamic mechanical analysis test, which occurs at DOC of 0.65 determined by the cure kinetics model. Through the dynamic mechanical analysis, a four step cure hardening modulus model (modified CHILE approach) was proposed. The aforementioned models were applied in a case study to evaluate the influence of process parameters on the DOC, viscosity and physical behavior of the acrylic resin system in the pultrusion die.Highlights Material characterizations of an acrylic resin system are investigated. The cure kinetics and viscosity and elastic modulus models are proposed. A pultrusion case study is given.

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Improving the quality of a circular cooling channel fabrication by fused filament fabrication using Taguchi methods

Kuo

Tasi

Xie

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Numerical Simulation of Impregnation Process of Reactive Injection Pultrusion for Glass Fiber/PA6 Composites

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite pultrusion with in situ polymerizable methyl methacrylate: A review

Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite pultrusion with in situ polymerizable methyl methacrylate: A review

An acrylic resin system for in‐situ pultrusion: Curing performances and rheology

Improving the quality of a circular cooling channel fabrication by fused filament fabrication using Taguchi methods

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