Novel use of a rapidly reversible field anesthetic in small game mammals using yellow-bellied marmots (<i>Marmota flaviventris</i>) as a model organism

Butler, Zachary; Gamba, Dominick; Morris, Stephen A.; Zahratka, Jennifer; Lehmer, Erin M.

doi:10.1893/bios-d-16-00004.1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Bobcats were chemically immobilized with ketamine and xylazine and recovered inside a cage trap before release (ZooPharm, [ 6 ]). Coyotes were chemically immobilized with BAM™ (butorphanol tartrate, azaperone, and medetomidine hydrochloride) and the BAM™ was reversed post-handling with naltrexone and atipamezole before release (ZooPharm, [ 11 ]). All captured animals were fitted with LiteTrack Iridium 250 GPS collars (250 g, Lotek Wireless, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada) equipped with a release mechanism to drop off after one year.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification

Gorman,

Eichholz,

Skinner

et al. 2024

Mov Ecol

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Background Spatial behavior, including home-ranging behaviors, habitat selection, and movement, can be extremely informative in estimating how animals respond to landscape heterogeneity. Responses in these spatial behaviors to features such as human land modification and resources can highlight a species’ spatial strategy to maximize fitness and minimize mortality. These strategies can vary on spatial, temporal, and individual scales, and the combination of behaviors on these scales can lead to very different strategies among species. Methods Harnessing the variation present at these scales, we characterized how species may respond to stimuli in their environments ranging from broad- to fine-scale spatial responses to human modification in their environment. Using 15 bobcat-years and 31 coyote-years of GPS data from individuals inhabiting a landscape encompassing a range of human land modification, we evaluated the complexity of both species’ responses to human modification on the landscape through their home range size, habitat selection, and functional response behaviors, accounting for annual, seasonal, and diel variation. Results Bobcats and coyotes used different strategies in response to human modification in their home ranges, with bobcats broadly expanding their home range with increases in human modification and displaying temporal consistency in functional response in habitat selection across both season and time of day. Meanwhile, coyotes did not expand their home ranges with increased human modification, but instead demonstrated fine-scale responses to human modification with habitat selection strategies that sometimes varied by time of day and season, paired with functional responses in selection behaviors. Conclusions These differences in response to habitat, resources, and human modification between the two species highlighted the variation in spatial behaviors animals can use to exist in anthropogenic environments. Categorizing animal spatial behavior based on these spatiotemporal responses and individual variation can help in predicting how a species will respond to future change based on their current spatial behavior.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification

Gorman,

Eichholz,

Skinner

et al. 2024

Mov Ecol

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“…Butorphanol has been used in a premixed combination with azaperone and medetomidine IM to achieve field anesthesia in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). 1,7 The objective of this study was to compare the physiological effects of two premedication protocols given prior to induction and maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane administered via face mask in woodchucks being used as models for Vancouver Island marmots. The premedication protocols were ketamine 10 mg/kg and midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (KM) and ketamine 10 mg/kg, midazolam 0.5 mg/kg, and butorphanol 1.0 mg/ kg (KMB) administered IM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,12,15 Laboratory animal and other veterinary referenc- es suggest the use of combinations that include ketamine, midazolam, and butorphanol for sedation and induction of anesthesia in marmots. 4,7,10,14,16 Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and a N -methyl-D-aspartate-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that has been used alone or in combination with xylazine for short-term anesthesia in marmots. 3,4,10,15,16 Midazolam is a benzodiazepine and a γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor agonist that provides good sedation with minimal cardiopulmonary depression; sedative effects may be reversed with flumazenil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Ketamine–midazolam and Ketamine–midazolam–butorphanol Premedication Prior to Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Woodchucks (Marmota Monax)

Freedman¹,

Aymen²,

Beaufrère³

et al. 2023

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Cardiovascular disease is a frequent cause of death in the critically endangered Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). This warrants the use of anesthetic protocols with minimal cardiovascular adverse effects. In this study, 12 adult male woodchucks (Marmota monax) were used as models for Vancouver Island marmots. The objective was to compare the physiological effects of two premedication protocols during induction and maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane. The two premedications were ketamine 10 mg/kg and midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (KM) or ketamine 10 mg/kg, midazolam 0.5 mg/kg, and butorphanol 1.0 mg/kg (KMB), administered intramuscularly prior to mask induction. Each marmot underwent three anesthetic events and protocols were assigned using a blinded randomized crossover design. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature were recorded throughout, and blood gases were assessed following induction. Resistance to induction was scored and time to induction was recorded. Although mask induction with sevoflurane was successful in all events (mean induction time of 2.1 min), KMB premedication resulted in a faster induction (mean induction time reduced by 1.2 ± 0.3 min) and lower resistance scores. Both protocols resulted in significant cardiovascular and respiratory depression; however, animals that received KMB were more hypercapnic than KM by 8.8 ± 2.8 mm Hg (P = 0.03) (mean venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PvCO2] for all: 79.9 mm Hg). In conclusion, if shorter induction times are desired, KMB premedication is preferred. However, cardiorespiratory variables including blood pressure should be monitored, and endotracheal intubation is recommended to allow for ETCO2 monitoring and provision of intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

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Novel use of a rapidly reversible field anesthetic in small game mammals using yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) as a model organism

Cited by 2 publications

References 21 publications

Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification

Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification

Comparison of Ketamine–midazolam and Ketamine–midazolam–butorphanol Premedication Prior to Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Woodchucks (Marmota Monax)

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