Novel Approach to Synthesize Nanostructured Gallium Oxide for Devices Operating in Harsh Environmental Conditions

Abstract

The importance of Ga2O3-based material for harsh environmental applications has attracted the interest of researchers in exploring various fabrication and growth techniques of Ga2O3-based nanomaterials using effective and low-cost processes. Herein, a demonstration to improve the wettability of liquid gallium on a rough silicon surface is presented. To control the roughness process, the silicon surface was patterned and groove-shape structures on the silicon were created using a photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching technique. Gallium oxide nanostructures were grown by thermal oxidation from liquid Ga in the presence and the absence of a silver thin film used as a catalyst. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the nanostructures grown on the roughed surface of the silicon substrate. The conformal deposition of Ga2O3 nanostructures inside the grooves of the PEC etched silicon surface was observed. The presence of Ag catalyst was found to completely change the morphology of Ga2O3. This method is recommended for the sustainable and low-cost synthesis of nanostructured gallium oxide for applications, including gas sensing.

Green synthesis of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) nanosheets and investigation of their photocatalytic and cytotoxicity effects

“…The cytotoxicity findings of WO 3 -NS were completed on the Huh-7 cells and showed negligible cytotoxicity, representing nanosheets′ biocompatibility at high concentrations [105,106]. The experiments (Section 2.4) were applied three times and the viability was estimated using Equation (11):…”

“…Viability (%) = Abs test Abs control × 100 (11) in which [A] test stands for the absorbance of the test sample and [A] control refers to the absorbance of the control sample. Figure 11 displays the obtained viability after 48 h of incubation with various concentrations of WO 3 -NS throughout the range of 0-1000 μg/mL.…”

“…Water is one of the main sources of humans and all the other animate beings [8,9]; hence, the removal of organic pollutants from water is quite essential to protect the environment and meet the needs of drinking, irrigation, and industrial applications. Photocatalysis is a new method for the treatment of air and water pollutants [10,11]. For many years, the process of photocatalysts has been considered a solution for environmental obstacles throughout industrialised countries due to its beneficial features such as anti-pollution, purifying, antimicrobial [12][13][14], self-cleaning etc.…”

Microfluidic Devices and Microfluidics-Integrated Electrochemical and Optical (Bio)Sensors for Pollution Analysis: A Review

“…The sources of environmental pollution are the result either of natural causes or human activities, such as continuous urbanization and industrialization, excessive exploitation of natural resources, burning of fossil fuels, etc., which affect human health and destroy the balance of the ecosystem. As a result, scientists have been working together to find effective solutions for monitoring and reducing pollution sources by developing advanced materials or exploiting micro/nanodevice fabrication and integration of various processes in clean technologies for environmental sustainability [10][11][12][13][14].…”