Novel approach to improve vaccine immunogenicity: Mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with recombinant hepatitis B antigen as a targeted vaccine delivery system

Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review

“…Chitosan and derivatives, as natural polymers with great and valuable features such as antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant characteristics, affordability, bio-degradability, have been applied in diverse uses like biomedical. Recently, this biopolymer was used as a potential biomacromolecule against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, preparation antiviral vaccines, and adjuvants [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Indeed, the virulence of this virus is mainly due to the capability of spike protein for binding to ACE2 receptors existing in the human respiratory tract and start an infection.…”

“…Till now, it has been tested as a nano-carrier to deliver antigens and raise immune responses. Also, the performance of its adjuvants can be explained in three or more mechanisms: providing a depot for the antigen to slow release, facilitating the antigen targeting to immune cell and improve phagocytosis, modulation and enhancement immune response induced by the antigen alone [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ].

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HBs antigen and mannose loading on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles in order to immuno-targeting: fabrication, characterization, cellular and humoral immunoassay

“…Cytotoxicity assay was investigated on HEK293 cell line as a sensitive cell for evaluating the toxicity of nanoparticles [5,34]. The experiment had no signs of toxicity, even at high concentrations of HBsAg in nano-vaccine formulations ( Figure 6).…”

“…Risk factors such as smoking, increasing age, immunosuppressive disease, male sex, infections, obesity and Genetic factors could cause a non-response to the HBV vaccination [3,4]. Various methods have been investigated to increase the vaccine potency [5]. One of the strategies to improve the vaccines immunogenicity is targeting nano-sized materials through carrying different ligands versus receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs).…”

“…Absorption of antigen by mannose receptor allows processing and presentation of antigen through the MHC class I and II pathways [8,9]. In this regard, mannosylation of several antigen delivery vehicles, such as liposomes [10], nanoparticles, nano polymers [5,11] and inorganic nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, SiO 2 , C and Fe 3 O 4 as adjuvants [12][13][14][15][16], increases more efficient and specific delivery of antigens to DCs. Magnetic nanoparticles have been recently considered by researchers due to their unique properties (low toxicity, low cost of production, ability to immobilize biological materials on their surfaces) [17], high applications in medicine and also their use in vaccines [18].…”