Novel applications of diagnostic X-rays in activating a clinical photodynamic drug: Photofrin II through X-ray induced visible luminescence from "rare-earth" formulated particles

Abliz, Erkinay; Collins, Joshua E.; Bell, Howard E.; Tata, Darrell B.

doi:10.3233/xst-2011-0311

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Since then, several rare‐earth‐element‐based nanoparticles (e.g., LaF 3 :Ce, LaF 3 :Tb, Tb 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb, etc.) have been used as X‐ray converter in X‐PDT …”

Section: X‐ray‐excited Synchronous/synergistic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

et al. 2019

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treat cancer patients; however, it can cause severe systemic toxicity and immunesystem depression due to its nonspecific nature. [2][3][4] As a noninvasive therapeutic modality, radiotherapy (RT) with assistance from image guidance/positioning can be used to deliver X/γ-ray radiation to tumors. [5][6][7][8] This enables radiation oncologists to target malignant tissues for precise cancer therapy [9][10][11] while minimizing radiation dose delivered to surrounding normal tissues. However, RT efficacy can be attenuated by factors like salient hypoxia found in solid tumors. [12][13][14][15] Moreover, some cancer subtypes and cancer stem cells exhibit high resistance to X-ray radiation. [16] Consequently, the development of radiosensitizers that can sensitize hypoxic or radio-resistant tumors to X-ray radiation [17][18][19][20] has become an area of intense research.The emerging radiosensitizers can be classified into three groups: gasotransmitters (e.g., O 2 , NO, H 2 S, etc.), [21][22][23][24][25] anticancer drugs (e.g., paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (Dtxl), topotecan (TPT), etc.), [26][27][28] and high-Z elements (e.g., Au, Ba, Bi, Pt, W, etc.). [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The gasotransmitters can mimic the radiosensitizing effect of oxygen and downregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression, [23] while anticancer drugs can induce cancer cells to enter the G2/M phase which is the most radiation-sensitive cell-cycle phase. [36] High-Z elements are known for scattering one X-ray beam into several beams to concentrate more radiation on tumors for aggravated radiation damage. [37,38] This radiation dose-amplification effect is based on the Compton scattering mechanism. [39] All of these radiosensitizers are usually loaded or engineered into nanocarriers for tumor-specific delivery or by passive tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. [40] Heretofore, a great number of nanomaterials have been synthesized to pave the way for high-performance radiosensitization for RT enhancement. [41][42][43][44] Despite the appreciable progress achieved in X-ray radiation sensitization/enhancement, RT as a monotherapy generally fails to eliminate the whole tumor as cancer cells can undergo DNA-repair and regrowth. [45,46] As such, current research is gradually shifting from RT monotherapy to X-rayexcited multimodal therapy. This means that two or more therapeutic modalities are simultaneously activated by X-ray to yield synchronous/synergistic anticancer effects. [47][48][49] For example, it has been shown that high-energy X-ray irradiation can triggerThe advancements in nanotechnology have created multifunctional nanomaterials aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy for cancer. However, the ability to target deep-seated tumors remains one of the most critical challenges for certain nanomedicine applications. To this end, X-ray-excited theranostic techniques provide a means of overcoming the limits of light penetration and tissue attenuation. Herein, a comprehe...

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“…Since then, several rare‐earth‐element‐based nanoparticles (e.g., LaF 3 :Ce, LaF 3 :Tb, Tb 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb, etc.) have been used as X‐ray converter in X‐PDT …”

Section: X‐ray‐excited Synchronous/synergistic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

et al. 2019

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“…In addition, work performed by Abliz et al . and Zou et al . have also shown that micronic scintillators mixed to a PS may also produce ROS using only radiative energy transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Abliz et al . described the excitation of Photofrin‐II through energy transfer from gadolinium oxysulfide particles (20 μm diameter) doped with terbium Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb 3+ . Persistent luminescent NPs conjugated with PSs excited by X‐ray can emit luminescence able to activate the PSs; as a consequence 1 O 2 is produced, which strengthens the radio effect .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Photosensitizer Lanthanide Nanoparticle Formulation that Induces Singlet Oxygen with Direct Light Excitation, But Not By Photon or X‐ray Energy Transfer

Chouikrat

Baros

André

et al. 2017

Photochem & Photobiology

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We report the design and synthesis of europium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide nanoscintillators Gd O S:Eu conjugated with two different photosensitizers (PSs): a zinc chlorin (ZnTPC) and a zinc phtalocyanine (ZnPc) by covalent bonding through a layer of N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TPDA). These conjugates were designed to be activated under X-ray excitation to allow a photodynamic effect, although this desired outcome was not achieved in this study. The monodispersed nanoparticles of ∼70 nm diameter were pegylated to be stabilized in aqueous suspension. It was shown that the PSs conserved their photophysical properties once conjugated to the nanoscintillator and efficient singlet oxygen was obtained upon photo-irradiation. However, no energy transfer was observed from the nanoscintillator to the photosensitizer neither under photo- nor X-ray irradiation.

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“…Most of these “proof of concept” studies are restricted to optical measurements (emission spectra, fluorescence decay, 1 O 2 chemical probes fluorescence properties) 105, 106 or in vitro experiments demonstrating reduction in viability due to nanoscintillator based PDT. For example, Abliz et al reported a reduction in viability of human glioblastoma cells, from 80% to 10%, when micrometric gadolinium oxysulfide particles were combined with Photofrin II and irradiated with X-rays 107.…”

Section: Forward Looking Methodologies For Deep Tissue Pdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy

Mallidi¹,

Anbil

Bulin³

et al. 2016

Theranostics

337

237

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry based treatment modality that involves the generation of cytotoxic species through the interactions of a photosensitizer molecule with light irradiation of an appropriate wavelength. PDT is an approved therapeutic modality for several cancers globally and in several cases has proved to be effective where traditional treatments have failed. The key parameters that determine PDT efficacy are 1. the photosensitizer (nature of the molecules, selectivity, and macroscopic and microscopic localization etc.), 2. light application (wavelength, fluence, fluence rate, irradiation regimes etc.) and 3. the microenvironment (vascularity, hypoxic regions, stromal tissue density, molecular heterogeneity etc.). Over the years, several groups aimed to monitor and manipulate the components of these critical parameters to improve the effectiveness of PDT treatments. However, PDT is still misconstrued to be a surface treatment primarily due to the limited depths of light penetration. In this review, we present the recent advances, strategies and perspectives in PDT approaches, particularly in cancer treatment, that focus on increasing the 'damage zone' beyond the reach of light in the body. This is enabled by a spectrum of approaches that range from innovative photosensitizer excitation strategies, increased specificity of phototoxicity, and biomodulatory approaches that amplify the biotherapeutic effects induced by photodynamic action. Along with the increasing depth of understanding of the underlying physical, chemical and physiological mechanisms, it is anticipated that with the convergence of these strategies, the clinical utility of PDT will be expanded to a powerful modality in the armamentarium for the management of cancer.

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Novel applications of diagnostic X-rays in activating a clinical photodynamic drug: Photofrin II through X-ray induced visible luminescence from "rare-earth" formulated particles

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

A Photosensitizer Lanthanide Nanoparticle Formulation that Induces Singlet Oxygen with Direct Light Excitation, But Not By Photon or X‐ray Energy Transfer

Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy

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