Note on an Exact Treatment of Contingency, Goodness of Fit and Other Problems of Significance

Mecanismos de atención materno infantiles en dos contextos comparativos: México-Beijing

“…In a Portuguese sample from Lisbon, dated from the 19 th and 20 th centuries, Amoroso et al (2014) found LEH to be related with death by infectious diseases, but not with decreased longevity. There are two distinct hypotheses that can explain this relationship: the "cumulative advantage/adversity" hypothesis and the DOHaD hypothesis.…”

“…Various studies on LEH have identified this relationship with reduced longevity, yet most of them did not consider the DOHaD approach (Goodman, 1989;Goodman and Armelagos, 1989;Steckel, 2005;Boldsen, 2007;Armelagos et al, 2009). When controlling for the cause of death, economic status and the year of birth, Amoroso et al (2014) found no relationship between LEH and premature death. They found, however, a positive association with infectious diseases and concluded that differential exposure to stressors in infancy created a pattern of "cumulative adversity" throughout the lifespan (Amoroso et al, 2014).…”

“…When controlling for the cause of death, economic status and the year of birth, Amoroso et al (2014) found no relationship between LEH and premature death. They found, however, a positive association with infectious diseases and concluded that differential exposure to stressors in infancy created a pattern of "cumulative adversity" throughout the lifespan (Amoroso et al, 2014). In the last years, researchers have been testing the possible relationship between early life experience and adult health.…”

“…Various studies on the distribution of LEH showed an association with decreased lifespan (Goodman, 1989;Goodman and Armelagos, 1989;Duray, 1996;Steckel, 2005;Boldsen, 2007;Armelagos et al, 2009). However, the opposite relationship was also found (Amoroso et al, 2014;Watts, 2015) and thus the relationship between early insults and premature mortality is still to be fully understood. Despite the proportion of affected individuals being slightly higher at a younger age, this difference was not significant (Fisher's exact test, p value=0.8885).…”

“…The bidirectional relations between infection, nutrition and immunity (Calder, 2013) can create a continuous detrimental cycle (Beisel, 1996), which could have been facilitated by confounding variables, like access to food, living conditions or social status. In the Lisbon identified collection, Amoroso et al (2014) concluded that the association between LEH and death by infectious diseases was better explained by the "cumulative adversity" model because early mortality was related with socioeconomic status, but not with nonspecific indicators of disease in infancy. In the archeological sample from Santarém, there are no spoil in the graves because the Islamic burial ritual promotes equality in death, which invalidates any associations with social classes (Matias, 2009b(Matias, , 2009c.…”