Abstract:INTRODUCTION: An optimum range has been suggested for nortriptyline blood levels, above or below which patients respond poorly or do not respond at all to treatment. METHODS: A meta-analysis of published studies was performed to verify the existence of an optimal blood concentration range or therapeutic window in nortriptyline-treated depression patients. A MEDLINE search through the years 1970-1999 was carried out to identify original papers and review articles. Data concerning blood levels and percentage imp… Show more
“…1 Nicotine increases phosphorylation of CREB (P-CREB) in the ventral tegmental area, 1 while nicotine withdrawal decreases P-CREB. 2 Nicotine-induced P-CREB increase is absent in MOR À/À knockout (KO) mice and is also blocked by the MOR antagonist naloxone in wild-type mice. 1 The MOR promoter has a cAMPresponsive element that binds P-CREB, which is thought to drive expression of MOR.…”
Section: Mgmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1,2 Our group has demonstrated that there is a biphasic curvilinear relationship between plasma levels of nortriptyline and behavior, using the tail suspension test, 3 an animal model employed to screen for drugs with antidepressant effects. Although noradrenergic drugs are known to induce c-Fos expression in central neurons, only one study has investigated the effects of nortriptyline on the expression of brain c-Fos.…”
“…1 Nicotine increases phosphorylation of CREB (P-CREB) in the ventral tegmental area, 1 while nicotine withdrawal decreases P-CREB. 2 Nicotine-induced P-CREB increase is absent in MOR À/À knockout (KO) mice and is also blocked by the MOR antagonist naloxone in wild-type mice. 1 The MOR promoter has a cAMPresponsive element that binds P-CREB, which is thought to drive expression of MOR.…”
Section: Mgmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1,2 Our group has demonstrated that there is a biphasic curvilinear relationship between plasma levels of nortriptyline and behavior, using the tail suspension test, 3 an animal model employed to screen for drugs with antidepressant effects. Although noradrenergic drugs are known to induce c-Fos expression in central neurons, only one study has investigated the effects of nortriptyline on the expression of brain c-Fos.…”
Despite quality guidelines, the average quality of published MAs of antidepressants is barely acceptable (50.2%). A need exists for adherence to standardized reporting and quality guidelines.
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