Norms for Letter and Category Fluency: Demographic Corrections for Age, Education, and Ethnicity

Gladsjo, Julie Akiko; Schuman, Catherine D.; Evans, Jovier D.; Peavy, Guerry M.; Miller, S. Walden; Heaton, Robert K.

doi:10.1177/107319119900600204

Cited by 460 publications

(353 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Thus, our results would support continued work to better understand the nature and causes of NP performance differences in the normal Chinese population, as well as in people affected by HIV infection and other diseases of the CNS. Neuropsychological test battery (Piatt et al, 1999;Woods et al, 2005) Letter fluency (U.S.) (Benton et al, 1994;Gladsjo et al, 1999) • (Klove, 1963;Heaton et al, 1991) Table 4 Scaled mean scores for Chinese and U.S. HIV− and HIV+ groups …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral effects of HIV-1 infection in China and the United States: A pilot study

Cysique

Jin

Franklin

et al. 2007

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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The HIV epidemic in China has been increasing exponentially, yet there have been no studies of the neurobehavioral effects of HIV infection in that country. Most neuroAIDS research has been conducted in Western countries using Western neuropsychological (NP) methods, and it is unclear whether these testing methods are appropriate for use in China. Twenty-eight HIV seropositive (HIV+) and twenty-three HIV seronegative (HIV−) individuals with comparable gender, age, and education distributions were recruited in Beijing and the rural Anhui province in China. Thirtynine HIV+ and thirty-one HIV− individuals were selected from a larger U.S. cohort recruited at the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, in San Diego, to be matched to the Chinese sample for age, disease status, and treatment variables. The NP test battery used with the U.S. and China cohorts included instruments widely used to study HIV infection in the United States. It consisted of 14 individual test measures, each assigned to one of seven ability areas thought to be especially vulnerable to effects of HIV on the brain (i.e., verbal fluency, abstraction/executive function, speed of information processing, working memory, learning, delayed recall, and motor function). To explore the cross-cultural equivalence and validity of the NP measures, we compared our Chinese and U.S. samples on the individual tests, as well as mean scaled scores for the total battery and seven ability domains. On each NP test measure, the mean of the Chinese HIV+ group was worse than that of the HIV−group. A series of 2 × 2 analyses of variance involving HIV+ and HIV− groups from both countries revealed highly significant HIV effects on the Global and all Domain mean scaled scores. Country effects appeared on two of the individual ability areas, at least partly due to education differences between the two countries. Importantly, the absence of HIV-by-Country interactions suggests that the NP effects of HIV are similar in the two countries. The NP test battery that was chosen and adapted for use in this study of HIV in China appears to have good cross-cultural equivalence, but appropriate Chinese norms will be needed to identify disease-related impairment in individual Chinese people. To inform the development of such norms, a much larger study of demographic effects will be needed, especially considering the wide range of education in that country.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral effects of HIV-1 infection in China and the United States: A pilot study

Cysique

Jin

Franklin

et al. 2007

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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“…Global cognition was assessed with the MoCA 6, 7. Cognitive testing included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised (HLVT‐R) to assess memory; Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (JOLO) 15‐item version to assess visuospatial function; Symbol‐Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) to assess processing speed‐attention; and Letter‐Number Sequencing (LNS) and semantic (animal) fluency to assess executive abilities‐working memory 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Published norms were applied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Parkinson's progression markers initiative (PPMI) – establishing a PD biomarker cohort

Marek

Chowdhury

Siderowf

et al. 2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

399

339

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ObjectiveThe Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is an observational, international study designed to establish biomarker‐defined cohorts and identify clinical, imaging, genetic, and biospecimen Parkinson's disease (PD) progression markers to accelerate disease‐modifying therapeutic trials.MethodsA total of 423 untreated PD, 196 Healthy Control (HC) and 64 SWEDD (scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit) subjects were enrolled at 24 sites. To enroll PD subjects as early as possible following diagnosis, subjects were eligible with only asymmetric bradykinesia or tremor plus a dopamine transporter (DAT) binding deficit on SPECT imaging. Acquisition of data was standardized as detailed at www.ppmi-info.org.ResultsApproximately 9% of enrolled subjects had a single PD sign at baseline. DAT imaging excluded 16% of potential PD subjects with SWEDD. The total MDS‐UPDRS for PD was 32.4 compared to 4.6 for HC and 28.2 for SWEDD. On average, PD subjects demonstrated 45% and 68% reduction in mean striatal and contralateral putamen Specific Binding Ratios (SBR), respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was acquired from >97% of all subjects. CSF (PD/HC/SWEDD pg/mL) α‐synuclein (1845/2204/2141) was reduced in PD vs HC or SWEDD (P < 0.03). Similarly, t‐tau (45/53) and p‐tau (16/18) were reduced in PD versus HC (P < 0.01),Interpretation PPMI has detailed the biomarker signature for an early PD cohort defined by clinical features and imaging biomarkers. This strategy provides the framework to establish biomarker cohorts and to define longitudinal progression biomarkers to support future PD treatment trials.

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“…BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale;46 bvFTD, patient group with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia; Category fluency for animal category and letter fluency for the letter F in 1 min;47 GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic;48 GNT, Graded Naming Test;49 MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination score;50 PAL, Paired Associate Learning test51; nfvPPA, patient group with nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia; RMT, Recognition Memory Test;52 rtvFTD, patient group with right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia (defined from inspection of individual brain MRI); svPPA, patient group with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; Stroop D‐KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System;53 Trails‐making task based on maximum time achievable 2.5 min on task A, 5 min on task B;54 VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery;55 WAIS‐R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised;56 WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence;57 WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale 58a

Different from controls.

Different from bvFTD.

Different from rtvFTD.

Different from svPPA.

Different from nfvPPA (all at significance threshold P < 0.05).

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac responses to viewing facial emotion differentiate frontotemporal dementias

Marshall

Hardy

Allen

et al. 2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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ObjectiveTo establish proof‐of‐principle for the use of heart rate responses as objective measures of degraded emotional reactivity across the frontotemporal dementia spectrum, and to demonstrate specific relationships between cardiac autonomic responses and anatomical patterns of neurodegeneration.MethodsThirty‐two patients representing all major frontotemporal dementia syndromes and 19 healthy older controls performed an emotion recognition task, viewing dynamic, naturalistic videos of facial emotions while ECG was recorded. Cardiac reactivity was indexed as the increase in interbeat interval at the onset of facial emotions. Gray matter associations of emotional reactivity were assessed using voxel‐based morphometry of patients’ brain MR images.ResultsRelative to healthy controls, all patient groups had impaired emotion identification, whereas cardiac reactivity was attenuated in those groups with predominant fronto‐insular atrophy (behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and nonfluent primary progressive aphasia), but preserved in syndromes focused on the anterior temporal lobes (right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia). Impaired cardiac reactivity correlated with gray matter atrophy in a fronto‐cingulo‐insular network that overlapped correlates of cognitive emotion processing.InterpretationAutonomic indices of emotional reactivity dissociate from emotion categorization ability, stratifying frontotemporal dementia syndromes and showing promise as novel biomarkers. Attenuated cardiac responses to the emotions of others suggest a core pathophysiological mechanism for emotional blunting and degraded interpersonal reactivity in these diseases.

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Norms for Letter and Category Fluency: Demographic Corrections for Age, Education, and Ethnicity

Cited by 460 publications

References 22 publications

Neurobehavioral effects of HIV-1 infection in China and the United States: A pilot study

Neurobehavioral effects of HIV-1 infection in China and the United States: A pilot study

The Parkinson's progression markers initiative (PPMI) – establishing a PD biomarker cohort

Cardiac responses to viewing facial emotion differentiate frontotemporal dementias

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