Normal electrocardiographic and echocardiographic (M-mode and two-dimensional) values in Polish Landrace pigs

Pasławska, Urszula; Noszczyk-Nowak, Agnieszka; Pasławski, Robert; Janiszewski, Adrian; Kiczak, Liliana; Zyśko, Dorota; Nicpoń, Józef; Jankowska, Ewa A.; Szuba, Andrzej; Ponikowski, Piotr

doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0054-2

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…All blood parameters, ECG and echocardiographic indices were within their reference ranges [8], both at the baseline and under anesthesia for the EPS. The reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters, determined in 36 healthy domestic swine, are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To this date, normal values for electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were published for brown hares [5], dogs [6], cats [7], and swine [8], and the reference values for echocardiographic parameters were established for dogs [9], cattle [10], ferrets [11], sheep [12], monkeys [13], Syrian hamsters [14], mice [15], rats [16], and swine [8]. However, despite the widespread use of porcine models in experimental electrophysiology, still no reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive electrophysiology study (EPS) have been developed in this species thus far.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Normal Values for Heart Electrophysiology Parameters of Healthy Swine Determined on Electrophysiology Study

Noszczyk-Nowak

Cepiel

Janiszewski³

et al. 2016

Adv Clin Exp Med

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size, diameters of coronary arteries, susceptibility to coronary atherosclerosis, coronary stent-related restenosis, infarct development and post-infarction remodeling in these two species, and owing Swine are a well-recognized animal model for human cardiovascular diseases [1][2][3][4]. Porcine models have been increasingly used in human cardiovascular research due to similarities in the heart Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak 1, A-D, F , Alicja Cepiel 1, B, C, F , Adrian Janiszewski 2, B, E, F , Robert Pasławski 3, B, F , Jacek Gajek 4, A, E, F , Urszula Pasławska 1 A -research concept and design; B -collection and/or assembly of data; C -data analysis and interpretation; D -writing the article; E -critical revision of the article; F -final approval of article AbstractBackground. Swine are a well-recognized animal model for human cardiovascular diseases. Despite the widespread use of porcine model in experimental electrophysiology, still no reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive electrophysiology study (EPS) have been developed in this species thus far. Objectives. The aim of the study was to develop a set of normal values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive EPS of swine. Material and Methods. The study included 36 healthy domestic swine (24-40 kg body weight). EPS was performed under a general anesthesia with midazolam, propofol and isoflurane. The reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters were calculated as arithmetic means ± 2 standard deviations. Results. The reference values were determined for AH, HV and PA intervals, interatrial conduction time at its own and imposed rhythm, sinus node recovery time (SNRT), corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT), anterograde and retrograde Wenckebach points, atrial, atrioventricular node and ventricular refractory periods. No significant correlations were found between body weight and heart rate of the examined pigs and their electrophysiological parameters. Conclusions. The hereby presented reference values can be helpful in comparing the results of various studies, as well as in more accurately estimating the values of electrophysiological parameters that can be expected in a given experiment (Adv Clin Exp Med 2016, 25, 6, 1249-1254).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

Normal Values for Heart Electrophysiology Parameters of Healthy Swine Determined on Electrophysiology Study

Noszczyk-Nowak

Cepiel

Janiszewski³

et al. 2016

Adv Clin Exp Med

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“…Another two had episodes of ventricular fibrillation, and one suffered from peri-myocarditis as discovered during surgery. All animals with full datasets had an LV function normal for swine (Table 1)[39]. Animals did not show bradycardic responses to induced hypertension.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between myocardial oxygenation and blood pressure: Experimental validation using oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and coronary blood flow is well described. There is autoregulation within a MAP range of 60 to 140 mmHg providing near constant coronary blood flow. Outside these limits flow becomes pressure-dependent. So far, response of myocardial oxygenation to changes in pressure and flow has been more difficult to assess. While established techniques mostly require invasive approaches, Oxygenation-Sensitive (OS) Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is a technique that can non-invasively assess changes in myocardial tissue oxygenation. The purpose of this study was to follow myocardial oxygenation over a wide range of blood pressure variation within and outside known coronary autoregulatory limits using OS-CMR, and to relate these data to coronary hemodynamics.MethodsTen anaesthetized swine (German Large White) underwent left-sided thoracotomy and attachment of a perivascular flow probe to the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery for continuous measurement of blood flow (QLAD). Thereafter, animals were transferred into a 3T MRI scanner. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was varied in 10–15 mmHg steps by administering alpha1-receptor agents phenylephrine or urapidil. For each MAP level, OS-CMR images as well as arterial and coronary sinus blood gas samples were obtained simultaneously during brief periods of apnea. Relative changes (Δ) of coronary sinus oxygen saturation (ScsO2), oxygen delivery (DO2) and demand (MVO2), extraction ratio (O2ER) and excess (Ω) from respective reference levels at a MAP of 70 mmHg were determined and were compared to %change in OS-signal intensity (OS-SI) in simultaneously acquired OS-CMR images.ResultsQLAD response indicated autoregulation between MAP levels of 52 mmHg (lower limit) and127 mmHg (upper limit). OS-CMR revealed a global myocardial oxygenation deficit occurring below the lower autoregulation limit, with the nadir of OS-SI at -9.0%. With MAP values surpassing 70 mmHg, relative OS-SI increased to a maximum of +10.6%. Consistent with this, ΔScsO2, ΔDO2, ΔMVO2, ΔO2ER and ΔΩ responses indicated increasing mismatch of oxygenation balance outside the autoregulated zone. Changes in global OS-CMR were significantly correlated with all of these parameters (p≤0.02) except with ΔMVO2.ConclusionOS-CMR offers a novel and non-invasive route to evaluate the effects of blood pressure variations, as well as of cardiovascular drugs and interventions, on global and regional myocardial oxygenation, as demonstrated in a porcine model. OS-CMR identified mismatch of O2 supply and demand below the lower limit of coronary autoregulation. Vasopressor induced acute hypertension did not compromise myocardial oxygenation in healthy hearts despite increased cardiac workload and O2 demand. The clinical usefulness of OS-CMR remains to be established.

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“…Similar to the dogs studied here, the referenced ECG variables in swine are also influenced by BW. 23 The PR interval and the QT interval also vary according to HR, and an increase in HR and greater sympathetic stimulation decreases the duration of these variables. 24 Sympathetic stimulation increases heart activity by providing rapid blood flow through the circulatory system when an individual is subjected to stress, exercise, disease or other conditions that require such an increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling Relationships Among Heart Rate, Electrocardiography Parameters, and Body Weight

Aleixo

Alfonso

Oba

et al. 2017

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

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Although heart rate (HR) is one of the most important clinical parameters determined via physical examinations, little information is available on the normal HR in dogs, which may be related to the high variability of body weight (BW) in this species. HR is determined by the discharge rate of the sinus node, which is dependent on the autonomic nervous system and the release of catecholamines. The allometric relationship between BW and HR in different species has been described as inversely proportional; however, this relationship has been refuted. Certain authors have reported that the relationship between HR and BW in dogs is based on temperament as well as sympathetic autonomic stimulation of the sinus node in small breeds compared with large breeds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of weight, sex, age and temperament on the HR, heart rate variability and serum catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) levels in dogs. We evaluated 48 adult dogs of both sexes and various breeds and ages and divided the dogs into 5 BW groups: <5kg (n = 8), 5-10kg (n = 10), 10-25kg (n = 10), 25-45kg (n = 10), and >45kg (n = 10). The measured parameters were HR, breath rate (BR) and body temperature. We also performed an ambulatory electrocardiogram and electrocardiography (ECG) test for 24 hours (Holter monitor) and determined the serum levels of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. We observed correlations between HR and sex; differences among the weight groups with respect to ECG variables and epinephrine levels; and differences among the temperament categories for certain clinical parameters, such as HR and BR. Age affected the R wave amplitude, and an allometric relationship was not observed between HR and BW in the dogs. Our results indicated that weight was associated with variations in the ECG variables; age and sex were associated with variations in HR; and temperament had a significant influence on the HR and BR of the dogs.

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Normal electrocardiographic and echocardiographic (M-mode and two-dimensional) values in Polish Landrace pigs

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

Normal Values for Heart Electrophysiology Parameters of Healthy Swine Determined on Electrophysiology Study

Normal Values for Heart Electrophysiology Parameters of Healthy Swine Determined on Electrophysiology Study

Relationship between myocardial oxygenation and blood pressure: Experimental validation using oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Scaling Relationships Among Heart Rate, Electrocardiography Parameters, and Body Weight

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