“…6 ) and validated the results using ELISA, thereby highlighting the potential applicability of the sensor in diagnostics. Other recently developed SPR-MIP sensors were used for the detection of anticancer drugs [ 191 ] and cardiac biomarkers [ 192 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Mips As Receptors In Sensing Devicesmentioning
Highlights
The review aims to summarize recent commercially interesting innovations in MIP-based sensor design.
In addition to sensors, commercially viable assays based on MIPs are analysed and recent advances are summarized and discussed.
The review also analyses how commercial MIP companies could contribute to a next step in the commercialization of MIP-based detection systems.
The review contains a critical analysis and discussion on MIP-based sensors and assay commercialization as well as an outlook/recommendation for the future.
“…6 ) and validated the results using ELISA, thereby highlighting the potential applicability of the sensor in diagnostics. Other recently developed SPR-MIP sensors were used for the detection of anticancer drugs [ 191 ] and cardiac biomarkers [ 192 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Mips As Receptors In Sensing Devicesmentioning
Highlights
The review aims to summarize recent commercially interesting innovations in MIP-based sensor design.
In addition to sensors, commercially viable assays based on MIPs are analysed and recent advances are summarized and discussed.
The review also analyses how commercial MIP companies could contribute to a next step in the commercialization of MIP-based detection systems.
The review contains a critical analysis and discussion on MIP-based sensors and assay commercialization as well as an outlook/recommendation for the future.
“…Despite this limitation, the free epitope imprinting has been largely utilized, as reported in some examples in Table 1, and the so-formed pMIPs can be still characterized by very high selectivity for the target protein and by dissociation constants in the nanomolar range [39]. The free epitope synthetic approach is also exploited in combination with electropolymerizable semiconducting monomers, as in an example based on a p-norepinephrine MIP sensing surface imprinted for the recognition of the C-or the N-terminus of the cardiac failure biomarker Troponin I, that reported a K D for the Troponin of 4.4 nM [56], or in the electropolymerization of terthiophenes in the presence of gluten epitopes [57].…”
Section: Strategies To Imprint An Epitopementioning
The molecular imprinting of proteins is the process of forming biomimetics with entailed protein-recognition by means of a template-assisted synthesis. Protein-imprinted polymers (pMIPs) have been successfully employed in separations, assays, sensors, and imaging. From a technical point of view, imprinting a protein is both costly, for protein expression and purification, and challenging, for the preservation of the protein’s structural properties. In fact, the imprinting process needs to guarantee the preservation of the same protein three-dimensional conformation that later would be recognized. So far, the captivating idea to imprint just a portion of the protein, i.e., an epitope, instead of the whole, proved successful, offering reduced costs, compatibility with many synthetic conditions (solvents, pH, temperatures), and fine-tuning of the peptide sequence so to target specific physiological and functional conditions of the protein, such as post-translational modifications. Here, protein-protein interactions and the biochemical features of the epitopes are inspected, deriving lessons to prepare more effective pMIPs. Epitopes are categorized in linear or structured, immunogenic or not, located at the protein’s surface or buried in its core and the imprinting strategies are discussed. Moreover, attention is given to freely available online bioinformatics resources that might offer key tools to gain further rationale amid the selection process of suitable epitopes templates.
Abnormal protein expression closely correlates with the occurrence and development of diseases. Thus, proteins have been widely used as disease markers for early diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis evaluation of diseases. However, protein biomarkers in clinical samples are usually present in extremely low concentration while the detection often suffers from severe interference by high-abundance sample matrix, which challenges the specificity and sensitivity of protein biomarker assay methods. Currently, the main detection method of protein biomarkers is immunoassay. Nevertheless, immunoassay mainly relies on antibodies for specific recognition, and antibodies are associated with disadvantages such as difficulty in preparation, poor stability, and high-cost. Meanwhile, immunoassay is mainly based on fluorescence and chemiluminescence to achieve high-sensitivity detection, but they have inherent defects such as cumbersome operation, photobleaching and broad spectrum. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) have developed as biomimetic recognition materials with antibody-comparable specificity and affinity, while offering advantages such as ease in preparation, good stability and low cost. On the other hand, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely used in chemical or biological assays due to its merits including ultra-high sensitivity, narrow spectrum, speed, non-destructivity, and so on. In recent years, the combination of molecular imprinting and SERS has generated a series of advanced protein detection methods that exhibited unique strengths, which has gained wide attention. This review aims to survey the main advances of this hybrid analytical technique. After introduction of MIP and SERS as well as their separate applications in the detection of protein biomarkers, we mainly focus on the combination of MIP and SERS as well as its application in protein biomarker detection. We finally briefly sketch the future development of this hybrid analytical method.
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