Nontoxic and Less Toxic Hybrid Perovskites: a Synergistic Strategy for Sustainable Photovoltaic Devices

Attique, Sanam; Ali, Nasir; Rauf, Sajid; Ali, Shahid; Khesro, Amir; Khatoon, Rabia; Khan, E.U.; Akram, Fazli; Yang, Shikuan; Wu, Huizhen

doi:10.1002/solr.202100212

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 197 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Pb has been substituted by less-toxic metal elements (such as Sn, Ge, Cu), which can theoretically be applied in PSC devices, while their PCE and stability are still far below the standards for industrial applications. [40,[88][89][90] Among them, Sn and Ge are ideal Pb-substituting elements in PSC devices because they have similar ionic half-valences and extranuclear electron distributions to Pb elements. [91,92] However, due to the poor chemical stability and solubility of Ge 2þ in polar solvents, Ge-based halide perovskites have achieved only 0.6% PCE so far.…”

Section: Pb-free or Pb-less Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Yan

Feng

et al. 2022

Solar RRL

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are established as a highly promising next-generation photovoltaics (PVs) technology due to their superior optoelectronic properties, such as high light absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, high carrier excitation, and transport ability. [1][2][3][4][5] In just a few years, it has achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 25.7%, comparable to silicon PVs. [6][7][8][9] While Pb-based PSCs exhibit exceptional promise for mass production, [10][11][12] there are growing concerns about their environmental impact due to the potential toxicity and leaching of harmful Pb species throughout their lifetime.Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are another promising candidate for the nextgeneration PV application, which has received enormous attention because of the excellent optical and electronic properties enabled by their unique size-dependent quantum confinement. [13][14][15] Pb chalcogenide QDs (e.g., PbS, PbSe) are among the most promising nanoparticle (NP) materials in PVs, with certified PCEs as high as 13.8% in PbS QDSCs. [16,17] The low-cost and scalable solution-based processing methods can offer QDs a wide range of bandgaps, and generally better stability than organic chromophores. Despite the continuously increasing PCEs of QDSCs, device stability remains a significant challenge for industrial applications. Beyond PV, QDs have further demonstrated their promising application in biomedical imaging, display and electronics industries. Similar to Pb-based PSCs, growing concerns also arise from their potential Pb 2þ toxicity, Emerging Pb-based photovoltaic (PV) technologies, including in particular solution processed halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and Pb chalcogenide quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), are among the most promising next-generation PV technologies for a range of disruptive energy and electronic applications. However, the potential toxicity and leakage of hazardous Pb species have become one of the main barriers to their large-scale application. When solar cells are subject to physical damage or failure of encapsulation, rapid leakage of Pb may occur, which can be accelerated by exposure to external environmental weathering conditions such as rainfall and elevated temperature. Herein, an in-depth investigation on the essential role of Pb in PSCs and QDSCs, as well as common causes of Pb leakage, is undertaken. The hazardous effects of Pb toxicity on soil plants, bacteria, animals, and human cells are also evaluated. Recent progress in developing effective strategies for Pb leakage reduction, such as Pb-free or Pb-less perovskite materials, device architecture design, encapsulation absorbers for PSCs, and core-shell structure and ligand exchange method for QDSCs, in addition to Pb recycling strategies of end-of-life solar cells are summarized. This review provides quantitative insights into the future development of eco-friendly emerging Pb-based PV technologies.

show abstract

Section: Pb-free or Pb-less Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Yan

Feng

et al. 2022

Solar RRL

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Sn‐based perovskite's qualitative aspect is promising over the Sn–Pb blended perovskite because the Sn is probably non‐toxic. [ 25 ] Furthermore, theoretical studies suggest that FASnI 3 ‐based PSC devices can have a maximum PCE of 32.2%. [ 26 ] Figure 1 exhibits reported Sn‐based perovskite systems approaching S‐Q's limit, which is collected from literature as much as possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylammonium and Bromide‐Free Tin‐Based Low Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells

Imran

Rauf

Raza

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

its volatility and reversible/irreversible decomposition reaction even at low temperature, MA is gradually avoided in the material designs. [9] At the same time, FA is more thermally stable than MA due to its stronger hydrogen bonding with PbX 6 octahedra and benign reversible decomposition reaction below 85 °C, and it is the primary cation in practically all current high-performance PSCs. [10,11] Also, FA has no irreversible (nonselective) back reaction. [12] At the same time, in order to approach the bandgap of 1.34 eV according to the Schottky-Queisser (S-Q) limit, from initially MAPbI 3 to double cation (MAFA or FACs), [10,13,14] triple cation (CsMAFA) based perovskites, [5] eventually to quadruple (CsRbMAFA) based perovskites, [4,[15][16][17] and recently FAPbI 3 are dominated ones. [18][19][20] FAPbI 3 has an ideal, narrow bandgap since FA remains the largest organic cation that fits into a 3D perovskite crystal structure. [21] The implicit or explicit goal of perovskite research is to obtain a black FA-based (stable phase) perovskite at room temperature. Avoiding yellow phase impurities encouraged the advancement of processing techniques and elaborate multication, multi-halide mixtures.It has been proved that the invasion of Br anion at the X site is effective for stabilizing the black phase FA-based and other perovskites. But it leads to an adverse blue-shift of the bandgap disproportionately. For example, there is a spanning of 700 meV persisting in MAPbI x Br 1-x from 2.28 eV (MAPbBr 3 ) to 1.58 eV (MAPbI 3 ). [22] Furthermore, from a stability perspective, introducing Br anion in iodide-based perovskites is unfavorable since Br/I mixtures will undergo severe anion segregation Lead halide-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are intriguing candidates for photovoltaic technology because of their high efficiency, low cost, and simple process advantages. Owing to lead toxicity, PSCs based on partially/fully substituted Pb with tin have attracted tremendous attention, which would enable the ideal bandgap to approach the Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit. Especially, methylammonium (MA), bromide-free, tin-based perovskites are striking, because of the intrinsic poor stability of MA and blue shift caused by the incorporation of Br − . The first section of this review emphasizes the motivation for studying single-junction MA, Br-free, and Sn-based perovskites. The film quality improvement strategies of Sn-based perovskites, including additive, composition, dimensional, and interface engineering toward high-efficiency devices are comprehensively overviewed. Moreover, strategies to improve stability, where shelf, thermal and operational stabilities of the devices are summarized. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion of actual limitations and future prospects for Sn-based PSCs.

show abstract

“…in current commercial production of perovskite solar cells have severely limited their practical applicable scope as optoelectronic devices. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites with high thermodynamic stability are perfect candidates as absorbent layers for perovskite solar cells because of their effective charge transportation for metal-halogen octahedral layers. [9,10] Especially 2D non-toxic perovskite materials can simultaneously solve the problems of poor stability and high toxicity of solar cell devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the low structural stability (hydrolysis and oxidation in air) and the existence of toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Hg etc.) in current commercial production of perovskite solar cells have severely limited their practical applicable scope as optoelectronic devices [3–8] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Structural Stability and Pressure‐Induced Photoconductivity in Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite (C₆H₅CH₂NH₃)₂CuBr₄

Zhan

Jiang

et al. 2022

Angewandte Chemie

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The eco-friendly properties enable two-dimensional (2D) Cu-based perovskites as ideal candidates for next-generation optoelectronics, but practical application is limited by low photoelectric conversion efficiency because of poor carrier transport abilities. Here, we report enhanced structural stability of 2D CuBr 4 perovskites under compression up to 30 GPa, without obvious volume collapse or structural amorphization, by inserting organic C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3 (PMA) groups between layers. The band gap value of (PMA) 2 CuBr 4 can be effectively tuned from 1.8 to 1.47 eV by employing external pressures, leading to a broadened absorption range of 400-800 nm. Notably, we successfully detected photoconductivity of the photoresponse at pressures from 10 to 40 GPa; the maximum value of 5 × 10 À 3 S cm À 1 is observed at 28 GPa, indicating potential applications for high performance photovoltaic candidates under extreme conditions.

show abstract

Nontoxic and Less Toxic Hybrid Perovskites: a Synergistic Strategy for Sustainable Photovoltaic Devices

Cited by 16 publications

References 197 publications

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Methylammonium and Bromide‐Free Tin‐Based Low Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells

Enhanced Structural Stability and Pressure‐Induced Photoconductivity in Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite (C₆H₅CH₂NH₃)₂CuBr₄

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Nontoxic and Less Toxic Hybrid Perovskites: a Synergistic Strategy for Sustainable Photovoltaic Devices

Cited by 16 publications

References 197 publications

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Ecotoxicity and Sustainability of Emerging Pb‐Based Photovoltaics

Methylammonium and Bromide‐Free Tin‐Based Low Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells

Enhanced Structural Stability and Pressure‐Induced Photoconductivity in Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite (C6H5CH2NH3)2CuBr4

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Enhanced Structural Stability and Pressure‐Induced Photoconductivity in Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite (C₆H₅CH₂NH₃)₂CuBr₄