Nonlinear integrated optical frequency converters with periodically poled Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguides

Schreiber, Gerhard; Hofmann, D.; Grundkoetter, Werner; Lee, Yeung Lak; Suche, H.; Quiring, Viktor; Ricken, Raimund; Sohler, W.

doi:10.1117/12.426791

Cited by 86 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…O VER the past years, a family of Ti (Zn vapor)-diffused Er:LiNbO 3 (Er:LN) waveguide devices have been reported [1]- [8]. Nevertheless, these devices suffer from two aspects of problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Strip Waveguide With High Diffusion-Doped Concentration

Zhang

Qiu

Chen

et al. 2014

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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We report a Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 strip waveguide with high diffusion-doped surface Er 3+ concentration. The waveguide was fabricated with a technological process in sequence of preparation of noncongruent, Li-deficient LiNbO 3 substrate by performing Li-poor vapor transport equilibration treatment on a congruent Z-cut LiNbO 3 plate, diffusion of 40-nm-thick Er metal film, and fabrication of 8-µm-wide Ti-diffused strip waveguide. The waveguide retains the LiNbO 3 phase and shows the waveguiding characteristics similar to the conventional Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguide. Secondary ion mass spectrometry study shows that the Er 3+ diffusion reservoir was exhausted and the profile is Gaussian with a surface concentration two times larger than that of the conventional Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 waveguide. The waveguide shows stable 1547-nm small-signal enhancement under the 1480-nm pumping without serious optical damage observed, and a 5-dB signal enhancement is obtained for the available coupled pump power of only 90 mW. A saturated net gain as much as 5 dB/cm is predicted theoretically.Index Terms-Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 waveguide, Er 3+ diffusiondoping, high Er 3+ concentration.

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“…O VER the past years, a family of Ti (Zn vapor)-diffused Er:LiNbO 3 (Er:LN) waveguide devices have been reported [1]- [8]. Nevertheless, these devices suffer from two aspects of problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Strip Waveguide With High Diffusion-Doped Concentration

Zhang

Qiu

Chen

et al. 2014

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…Its excellent electro-optical and nonlinear optical properties are exploited in various applications such as: laser frequency doublers, wideband tunable light sources, light amplification, quasi-phase-matched frequency convertors, surface acoustic waves, optical switches and modulators, multiplexors and for many other all-optical signals processing. Most of the integrated optics devices designed for these applications are based on waveguides fabricated either by Ti-indiffusion [1,2] or by one of the proton exchange techniques namely Annealed Proton Exchange (APE) [3][4][5], Reverse Proton Exchange (RPE) [6] or Soft Proton Exchange (SPE) [7][8][9][10]. All these techniques allow fabricating low loss waveguides with preserved electro-optical and nonlinear properties, but in return lead to low refractive index increase typically in the range of ∆n e =0.01 for Tiindiffusion [11], ∆n e =0.02 for APE and RPE [6] and ∆n e =0.03 for SPE [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These values limit the benefit linked to the confinement of the lights in a waveguide. The maximum index contrast allowed by the Proton Exchange (PE) technique [12] is approximately ∆n e =0.12 at λ=633 nm but most of waveguides exhibiting such a ∆n e present a nonlinear coefficient χ (2) totally degraded [13]. Recently, the so-called High Index Soft…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Rambu

Apetrei

Doutre

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-High-index contrast waveguides fabricated with precise control and reproducibility are of high interest for nonlinear and/or electro-optical highly efficient and compact devices for quantum and classical optical data processing. Here we present a new process to fabricate planar and channel optical waveguides on lithium niobate substrates that we called High Vacuum Proton Exchange (HiVacPE). The main purpose was to improve the reproducibility and the quality of the produced waveguides by limiting and controlling the water traces in the melt, which is used for the ionic exchange. Moreover, we discovered that, when the acidity of the bath is increased, depending on substrate orientation (Z-cut or X-cut) the waveguides are completely different in term of crystallographic properties, index profiles and nonlinearity. The best-obtained channel waveguides exhibit a refractive index contrast as high as 0.04 without any degradation of the crystal nonlinearity and state of the art propagation losses (0.16dB/cm). We have also demonstrated that the HiVacPE process allows fabricating waveguides on Z-cut substrate with high-index contrast up to 0.11 without degrading the crystal nonlinearity but high strain induced propagation losses. On top of that, we proposed an original and very useful method of analyzing waveguides with complex index profiles. This method can be used for the analysis of any waveguides whose core contains several layers.

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“…Over the past years, a family of Ti (or vapor ZnO)-diffused Er:LN waveguide lasers (amplifiers) and (nonlinear) integrated devices have been demonstrated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These devices are compact, efficient, inexpensive, manufacturable and commercially attractive, and show potential for use in a wide range including telecommunications, range finding, military counter measures, optical data storage, remote sensing and reproduction graphics [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%