Nonlinear and Linear Site Response and Basin Effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake

Frankel, Arthur; Carver, David; Williams, Robert A.

doi:10.1785/0120010254

Cited by 156 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

102

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In situ observations of nonlinear ground response during large earthquakes, once rare, have recently increased in number due to advances in deploying strong-motion networks (Aguirre and Irikura, 1997;Field et al, 1997;Frankel et al, 2002;Rubinstein and Beroza, 2004;Bonilla et al, 2005). The lack of experimental control inherently limits the use of large earthquakes in nonlinear response studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Dynamic Nonlinear Ground Response at Garner Valley, California

Lawrence¹,

Bodin²,

Langston³

et al. 2008

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present results from a prototype experiment in which we actively induce, observe, and quantify in situ nonlinear sediment response in the near surface. This experiment was part of a suite of experiments conducted during August 2004 in Garner Valley, California, using a large mobile shaker truck from the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) facility. We deployed a dense accelerometer array within meters of the mobile shaker truck to replicate a controlled, laboratory-style soil dynamics experiment in order to observe wave-amplitudedependent sediment properties. Ground motion exceeding 1g acceleration was produced near the shaker truck. The wave field was dominated by Rayleigh surface waves and ground motions were strong enough to produce observable nonlinear changes in wave velocity. We found that as the force load of the shaker increased, the Rayleighwave phase velocity decreased by as much as ∼30% at the highest frequencies used (up to 30 Hz). Phase velocity dispersion curves were inverted for S-wave velocity as a function of depth using a simple isotropic elastic model to estimate the depth dependence of changes to the velocity structure. The greatest change in velocity occurred nearest the surface, within the upper 4 m. These estimated S-wave velocity values were used with estimates of surface strain to compare with laboratory-based shear modulus reduction measurements from the same site. Our results suggest that it may be possible to characterize nonlinear soil properties in situ using a noninvasive field technique.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Dynamic Nonlinear Ground Response at Garner Valley, California

Lawrence¹,

Bodin²,

Langston³

et al. 2008

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As shown by Gélis & Bonilla (2012), a basin response strongly depends on the input motion level and properties (duration, frequency content) in presence of nonlinear soil behaviour. Other studies show how site amplification in basins changes with the level of input ground motions, for example, Frankel et al (2002), Gelagoti et al (2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of a sedimentary basin infilling description on the 2-D P–SV wave propagation using linear and non-linear constitutive models

Gelis¹,

Bonilla

2014

Geophysical Journal International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

S U M M A R YNumerical modelling is a useful tool to understand the role of different parameters (site geometry, impedance contrast, material properties, constitutive model, input motion) governing site effects. We focus here on the 2-D P-SV seismic wave propagation in a simple-shaped asymmetric model. We consider two ways of describing the sedimentary infilling properties: the basin is either composed of distinct homogeneous geological layers or is described through properties progressively changing as a function of depth (smooth model). In order to study the wave propagation in the two basins with similar soil properties, P and S velocities of the layered basin are deduced from the smooth basin ones, making both models compatible in a kinematic point of view. P and S velocities globally increase with depth. Following EPRI, non-linear properties are considered as constant in layers for the two basins. We assess the influence of the model choice on the wave propagation while taking into account linear and non-linear constitutive models. We test the influence of the input motion by propagating two different input motions, the first being a simple impulsive one and the second a real complex accelerogram. We find that transfer functions computed in each basin are quite similar irrespective of the soil constitutive behaviour and the input motion. Moreover, we show that the maximum shear strain spatial distribution depends on the input motion frequency content and maximum values depend on the input motion strength and complexity. Maximum shear strains are generally higher for superficial layers than for deeper ones. We show that the highest shear strain values are located above discontinuities, where velocities are lower and the soil is more non-linear than in the underlying layer, regardless of the input motion. Indeed, in a layered basin, the shear strain is higher above interfaces for all the soil constitutive models that were used. In the smooth visco-elastoplastic model, a kind of layering appears, absent in a viscoelastic model, due to the different non-linear properties in each layer. Moreover, no matter what the model structure and the input motion used, maximum shear strain levels are higher in the visco-elastoplastic soil than in the viscoelastic one. Such a numerical study helps to understand the non-linearity location and therefore the consequences of a model choice when performing a site-specific study.

show abstract

“…Recent studies also found logarithmic recovery of the material properties with a wide range of time scale (seconds to years) after large earthquakes (Sawazaki et al, 2006(Sawazaki et al, , 2009Wu et al, 2009aWu et al, , b, 2010Rubinstein, 2011). Improved understanding of nonlinear site response during strong shaking and the subsequent recovery process is critical for estimating seismic hazard and predicting strong ground shakings caused by future large earthquakes (Frankel et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term change of site response after the M W 9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan

Peng

2012

Earth Planet Sp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The recent M w 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake is the largest recorded earthquake in Japan's history. The Tohoku main shock and its aftershocks generated widespread strong shakings as large as ∼3000 Gal along the east coast of Japan. Wu and Peng (2011) found clear drop of resonant frequency of up to 70% during the Tohoku main shock at 6 sites and correlation of resonance (peak) frequency and peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the main shock. Here we follow that study and systematically analyze long-term changes of material properties in the shallow crust from one year before to 5 months after the Tohoku main shock, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KiK-Net. We use sliding window spectral ratios computed from a pair of surface and borehole stations to track the temporal changes in the site response of 6 sites. Our results show two stages of logarithmic recovery after a sharp drop of resonance frequency during the Tohoku main shock. The first stage is a rapid recovery within several hundred seconds to several hours, and the second stage is a slow recovery of more than five months. We also investigate whether the damage caused by the Tohoku main shock could make the near surface layers more susceptible to further damages, but we do not observe clear changes in susceptibility to further damage before and after the Tohoku main shock.

show abstract

Nonlinear and Linear Site Response and Basin Effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake

Cited by 156 publications

References 18 publications

Induced Dynamic Nonlinear Ground Response at Garner Valley, California

Induced Dynamic Nonlinear Ground Response at Garner Valley, California

Influence of a sedimentary basin infilling description on the 2-D P–SV wave propagation using linear and non-linear constitutive models

Long-term change of site response after the M W 9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About