“…Deviations and their patterns in production traits have been shown before as indicative for health-related traits, although these approaches use only relatively-large, short-time deviations (e.g. De Haas et al, 2004;Codrea et al, 2011;Fischer et al, 2018;Nguyen-Ba et al, 2019;Revilla et al, 2019;Byrd et al, 2019). Berghof et al (2019b), however, used a different approach to define three resilience indicators based on all production deviations due to unknown disturbances during a production cycle using concepts to study resilience of ecosystems (Scheffer et al, 2009;Scheffer et al, 2015;Scheffer et al, 2018): natural logarithm-transformed variance [ln(variance)] of deviations, skewness of deviations, and autocorrelation of deviations (Berghof et al, 2019b).…”