“…The control group comprised of survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Wilms tumor, and germ cell tumors who did not receive any cardiotoxic treatment, denoted by NR (not at risk group). The cardiotoxicity can be measured by several cardiac measures such as fractional shortening (FS), afterload (AF), QTc interval, and ejection fraction; see Hudson et al (2007) and Krischer et al (1997). Clinically, AF > 74 g/cm 2 can be used to identify patients with abnormal AF (AAF).…”