Non-Terrestrial Networks for Energy-Efficient Connectivity of Remote IoT Devices in the 6G Era: A Survey

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining popularity and market share, driven by its ability to connect devices and systems that were previously siloed, enabling new applications and services in a cost-efficient manner. Thus, the IoT fuels societal transformation and enables groundbreaking innovations like autonomous transport, robotic assistance, and remote healthcare solutions. However, when considering the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT), which refers to the expansion of IoT in remote and geographically isolated areas where neither terrestrial nor cellular networks are available, internet connectivity becomes a challenging issue. Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) are increasingly gaining popularity as a solution to provide connectivity in remote areas due to the growing integration of satellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with cellular networks. In this survey, we provide the technological framework for NTNs and Remote IoT, followed by a classification of the most recent scientific research on NTN-based IoRT systems. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in IoRT and identify emerging research areas with high potential. In conclusion, we present and discuss 3GPP’s roadmap for NTN standardization, which aims to establish an energy-efficient IoRT environment in the 6G era.

A Novel Energy-Efficient Coding Based on Coordinated Group Signal Transformation for Image Compression in Energy-Starved Systems

“…In 2022, the number of global active IoT connections grew by 18% to 14.3 billion, which is predicted to exceed 29.7 billion in 2027 [3]. Energy efficiency is critical for wireless networks (both terrestrial and satellite) and IoT devices, particularly in 5G and 6G systems [4][5][6][7]. General approaches to reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency in wireless networks are discussed in detail in [8].…”

Sixth-Generation (6G) Networks for Improved Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication in Industry 4.0

“…Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are a solution that enables the integration of satellites and UAVs with cellular networks. The 3GPP activities have addressed the problem of standardizing the NTN network to provide an energy-efficient IoRT environment in 6G networks (Figures 2-5) [7].…”

“…Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are a solution that enables the integration of satellites and UAVs with cellular networks. The 3GPP activities have addressed the problem of standardizing the NTN network to provide an energy-efficient IoRT environment in 6G networks (Figures 2-5) [7]. It has also been necessary to develop 6G-oriented waveguide and microstrip linear filters operating in the frequency range from 2 GHz to 65 GHz with increased resistance to design imperfections [8].…”