Non‐linear resistance training reduces inflammatory biomarkers in persons living with HIV: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of 12 weeks of non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on anthropometry, muscle strength and inflammatory biomarkers in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (PIHIV). Thirty previously sedentary PIHIVs were randomized into the NLRT (n = 15) and control (CON, n = 15) groups. NLRT group were submitted to 12 weeks of training, whereas the CON group maintained their daily habits. At baseline and after 12 weeks, both groups underwent anthropometric evaluations and blood sampling for the analysis of inflammatory biomarkers. Analysis of covariance using preintervention values as covariate was performed to determine the effects of exercise on anthropometry, muscle strength, cytokines levels and T cells. Significance was set at p < 0.05. After 12 weeks of intervention, there was a decrease in subcutaneous body fat (p < .0001), neck, abdomen and waist circumferences (p < .05), waist-to-hip ratio (p = .009), blood levels of interleukin (IL)-1β (p = .029), IL-6 (p = .005), IL-8 (p = .010), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = .001) and an increase in muscle strength (p < .0001), IL-10 levels (p = .030) and CD4(+) (p = .004) and CD8(+) (p < .0001) counts in the NLRT compared to CON group. Twelve weeks of NLRT promoted positive changes in the body fat, body circumferences, muscular strength and inflammatory profile in PIHIV.

Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise alone or combined on strength and hormone outcomes for people living with HIV. A meta-analysis

“…In total, 13 studies reported strength outcomes and were included in the quantitative analysis. Of these, four studies [57–60] reported strength and hormone outcomes (See Fig 1). …”

“…Of the 13 included studies, eight studies [57,60,66–71] were classified as high-quality studies (see Table 2), four studies investigated RT [57,60,66,72] and eight studies AERT [58,59,67–71,73]. The studies of Lox et al [74] and [72] shared the same two intervention groups and results: one group performed AE alone and the other RT alone, with the exact same number of control group participants in both studies.…”

“…Thus, for the purpose of analysis we decided to treat Lox et al [74] as an AE-only intervention and Lox et al [72] as an RT-only intervention. Passive CGs were identified in six studies [58,60,67,68,71,73] and one with no lifestyle modification [71]. Seven studies had active CGs, three studies CGs performed very low-intensity physical activity like walking or stretching [70,72,74], one study [66] applied protein supplementation 1 g·kg -1 ·day -1 to the CG, and three studies [57,59,69] administered testosterone placebo injections to the CGs.…”

“…Eight studies had a mean dropout rate of 10.7 ± 12.1%. Two studies reported no dropouts [60,68] and three studies [72–74] only reported participants who completed the study. The mean age for the control group was 42 ± 5.7 years and for the intervention group 42.9 ± 5.3 years.…”

“…The mean age for the control group was 42 ± 5.7 years and for the intervention group 42.9 ± 5.3 years. Five studies [60,66,67,69,71] included 42 women in the control group and 41 women in the intervention group. Seven studies recruited only male subjects [57–59,68,70,72,74].…”