“…The long-term outcome of this device, which is prone to early failure (85% failure rate at 5.2 years), is uncertain. 17 Currently, there is no clear guideline for treating patients with PAA because the rarity of the disease, and the paucity of data on its natural history and long-term outcomes. Treatment options include close observation, medical treatment, repair of the aneurysm, and in cases associated with severe pulmonary hypertension, bilateral lung or combined heart-lung transplantation.…”