NMR Studies of theAPhase of LiquidHe3

Abstract

10" 1 -5xl0" 2 of the value estimated from the Bohm coefficient of ^kT/eB and is larger than the classical value by 3 orders of magnitude. The magnitude as well as the T e dependence of the conductivity in the electron temperature range of T e >l eV is similar to the particle diffusion coefficient as reported by Chen. 7 This indicates that the same mechanism may be responsible for the anomalous electron thermal diffusion and the particle diffusion.In the determination of the value K x , we simplified the equation as well as the geometrical factors. The electron energy loss due to ionizing neutral gas is neglected in Eq. (2). However, the change in electron temperature due to ionization is less than 30% during the time interval of 0.3 msec used to determine the electron thermal conductivity. The variation of plasma volume in the radial direction, dV/dip, should also be taken into account. The change of dV/dip is less than 20% in the 2.0-cm radial extent over which the measurements were carried out, and was therefore assumed constant.In conclusion, the electron thermal conductivity was measured by utilizing the localized upper hybrid resonance heating. The observed K x increases with an increase of T e . This dependence is similar to that of the particle diffusion coefficient. The absolute value K ± is j^-w °* the Bohm coefficient. The success of the present Direct evidence that the spins of the 3 He atoms in the A phase of the liquid are correlated in a most unusual way has been furnished through previous observations of a large shift in the position of the nuclear magnetic resonance line. 1 Leggett 2 * 3 has given a microscopic theory of the NMR behavior of the liquid in this phase in terms of a BCS-type 4 superfluid in which the atoms form Cooper pairs in a triplet spin state. He has con-approach suggests that other types of resonant heating, such as lower hybrid resonance and ioncyclotron resonance, may be applicable to obtain electron and ion thermal conductivities in tokamak devices.

The extraordinary phases of liquid3He

“…Longitudinal resonance signals were observed by Osheroff and Brinkman (1974) at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in both the A and B phases. Later we observed longitudinal magnetic resonance in the A phase at Cornell (Bozler et al, 1974). (Typical longitudinal resonance frequencies ranged up to about 100 kHz in 3 He A at melting pressure.)…”

Experimental properties of superfluidHe3

“…30. Comparison of the parallel ringing frequency as measured at 33.0 bar byWebb, Kleinberg, and Wheatley (1974a) with the paralle resonance frequencies and perpendicular resonance shifts at melting pressure measured at Cornell byBozler, Bernier, Gully, Richardson, and Lee (1974) and at the Bell Laboratories byOsheroff and Brinkman (1974). The reduced temperature difference scale (1 -T/T, ) for the 33.0 bar measurements is obtained by means of the provisional absolute temperature scale of Appendix A.A and for the melting pressure measurements by means of the absolute temperature scale of Appendix A.B.The observation that the parallel resonance frequency and perpendicular resonance shift are the same suggests that the coherent dipolar torque has the form given inEq.…”

Massless surface waves between two different superfluid phases ofHe3

“…The quality factor of the wave Q = ω 0 M/ is proportional to the square root of the effective mass of the wave M which is very small because of the smallness of nuclear susceptibilities, χ a = 3.8 × 10 −8 , χ b = 1.2 × 10 −8 at zero bar [12]. The longitudinal NMR frequencies in the low temperature limit at high pressure have been measured to be a | hp = 2π × 100 kHz, b | hp = 2π × 250 kHz [13][14][15][16].…”