Nitroglycerine, esmolol and dexmedetomidine for induced hypotension during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: A comparative evaluation

Abstract

Background and Aim:Induced hypotension limits intra-operative blood loss to provide better visibility of the surgical field and diminishes the incidence of major complications during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). We aimed at comparing nitroglycerine, esmolol and dexmedetomidine for inducing controlled hypotension in patients undergoing FESS.Material and Methods:One hundred and fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II adult patients undergoing FESS under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to three groups of 50 patients each. Group E received esmolol in a loading and maintenance dose of 1 mg/kg over 1 min and 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/h, respectively. Group D received a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg over 10 min followed by an infusion 0.5-1.0 μg/kg/h, and group N received nitroglycerine infusion at a dose of 0.5-2 μg/kg/min so as to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 60 and 70 mmHg in all the groups. The visibility of the surgical field was assessed by surgeon using Fromme and Boezaart scoring system. Hemodynamic variables, total intra-operative fentanyl consumption, emergence time and time to first analgesic request were recorded. Any side-effects were noted. The postoperative sedation was assessed using Ramsay Sedation Score.Result:The desired MAP (60-70 mmHg) could be achieved in all the three study groups albeit with titration of study drugs during intra-operative period. No significant intergroup difference was observed in Fromme's score during the intra-operative period. The mean total dose of fentanyl (μg/kg) used was found to be significantly lower in group D compared to groups E and N (1.2 ± 0.75 vs. 3.6 ± 1.3 and 2.9 ± 1.1 respectively). The mean heart rate was significantly lower in group D compared to groups E and N at all times of measurement (P < 0.05). The MAP was found to be significantly lower in group D compared to groups E and N after infusion of study drugs, after induction, just after intubation and 5 min after intubation (P < 0.05). The Ramsay Sedation Scores were significantly higher in group D (score 3 in 46%) when compared to group E (score 2 in 50%) and group N (score 2 in 54%) (P < 0.001). The emergence time was significantly lower in group E and group N compared to group D. Time to first analgesic request was significantly longer in group D.Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine and esmolol provided better hemodynamic stability and operative field visibility compared to nitroglycerin during FESS. Dexmedetomidine provides an additional benefit of reducing the analgesic requirements and providing postoperative sedation.

An introduction to the various role of dexmedetomidine

“…Kim et al [9] reported that a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine provides a surgical field view and hemodynamic stability similar to that of the target-controlled infusion of remifentanil. In endoscopic sinus surgery, dexmedetomidine provided better hemodynamic stability and operative field visibility than nitroglycerin-induced hypotension [10]. …”

“…As an adjuvant to general anesthesia, dexmedetomidine provides additional benefits of reducing the dose of inhalation agent and opioid analgesics [910], improving the quality of recovery, decreasing postoperative nausea and vomiting [911], and enhancing postoperative gastrointestinal motility [12]. Gupta et al [7] also show that dexmedetomidine infusion allows significant reductions in the amounts of isoflurane and intraoperative fentanyl required, while maintaining the targeted blood pressure.…”

Meta-analysis of the effects of dexmedetomidine vs esmolol for used controlled hypotension during surgery

“…A total of 115 articles were retrieved from three databases After excluded duplicating, The remaining 75 articles were identi ed for further assessment. In the end, eight RCTs were included [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”

Dexmedetomidine infusion as an anesthetic adjuvant to general anesthesia for appropriate surgical field visibility during modified radical mastectomy with i-gel®: a randomized control study

“…Ulger et al [16] compared dexmedetomidine with nitroglycerine to achieve controlled hypotension in patients scheduled for middle ear surgery. The infusion rate of drugs was titrated to maintain a mean arterial pressure between 65 and 75 mmHg.…”