Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Active Components From Phyllanthus emblica L.

Abstract

An activity-directed fractionation and purification process was used to identify the nitric oxide (NO) scavenging components of Phyllanthus emblica. Dried fruit rind of P. emblica was extracted with methanol and then separated into hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Among these only the ethyl acetate phase showed strong NO scavenging activity in vitro, when compared with water and hexane phases. The ethyl acetate fraction was then subjected to separation and purification using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Five compounds showing strong NO scavenging activity were identified by spectral methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS) and by comparison with literature values to be Gallic acid, Methyl gallate, Corilagin, Furosin, and Geraniin. In addition, HPLC identification and quantification of isolated compounds were also performed. Gallic acid was found to be a major compound in the ethyl acetate extract and Geraniin showed highest NO scavenging activity among the isolated compounds.

The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels

“…Whereas, the lower potency of Pe.Aq and Pe.Pet in exhibiting spasmolytic actions might be due the presence of high levels of saponins, which are known to be spasmogenic in nature (Akah et al, 1997), thus offering a hindrance in the relaxant effects. Our observation about the presence of different levels of phytochemical constituents and their influence on the activity profile of Phyllanthus emblica is also in line with couple of studies done earlier on this plant (Kumaran and Karunakaran, 2006;Mouming, 2006). Overall, the presence of different phytochemical classes in Phyllanthus emblica such as, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and sesquiterpenes possessing spasmolytic and antidiarrheal activities (Di Carlo et al, 1993;Borrelli et al, 2004;Capasso et al, 2004;Palombo, 2006), might be contributing towards its antidiarrheal, antisecretory and spasmolytic actions, acting through multiple target sites.…”

The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels

“…Whereas, the lower potency of Pe.Aq and Pe.Pet in exhibiting spasmolytic actions might be due the presence of high levels of saponins, which are known to be spasmogenic in nature (Akah et al, 1997), thus offering a hindrance in the relaxant effects. Our observation about the presence of different levels of phytochemical constituents and their influence on the activity profile of Phyllanthus emblica is also in line with couple of studies done earlier on this plant (Kumaran and Karunakaran, 2006;Mouming, 2006). Overall, the presence of different phytochemical classes in Phyllanthus emblica such as, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and sesquiterpenes possessing spasmolytic and antidiarrheal activities (Di Carlo et al, 1993;Borrelli et al, 2004;Capasso et al, 2004;Palombo, 2006), might be contributing towards its antidiarrheal, antisecretory and spasmolytic actions, acting through multiple target sites.…”

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts

“…Kumar et al (2006) identified that gallic acid and tannic acid are the major phenolic acids of Indian gooseberry extract with 70% ethanol. Gallic acid was also found to be a major compound in the ethyl acetate extract of Indian gooseberry (Kumaran & Joel Karunakaran, 2006). These results do not agree with those of the present study, which shows that gallic acid is not the main compound of the extract, however.…”

Emblica officinalis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats

“…Six compounds of Emblica were reported to have NO scavenging effects: geraniin, corilagin, furosin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and curcumin. 26 In the present study, ethanolinduced overproduction of NO was decreased by the administration of EFE. Modulation of this process may prevent or at least attenuate alcoholism-induced changes in the brain.…”

The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels

“…Whereas, the lower potency of Pe.Aq and Pe.Pet in exhibiting spasmolytic actions might be due the presence of high levels of saponins, which are known to be spasmogenic in nature (Akah et al, 1997), thus offering a hindrance in the relaxant effects. Our observation about the presence of different levels of phytochemical constituents and their influence on the activity profile of Phyllanthus emblica is also in line with couple of studies done earlier on this plant (Kumaran and Karunakaran, 2006;Mouming, 2006). Overall, the presence of different phytochemical classes in Phyllanthus emblica such as, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and sesquiterpenes possessing spasmolytic and antidiarrheal activities (Di Carlo et al, 1993;Borrelli et al, 2004;Capasso et al, 2004;Palombo, 2006), might be contributing towards its antidiarrheal, antisecretory and spasmolytic actions, acting through multiple target sites.…”

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts

“…Kumar et al (2006) identified that gallic acid and tannic acid are the major phenolic acids of Indian gooseberry extract with 70% ethanol. Gallic acid was also found to be a major compound in the ethyl acetate extract of Indian gooseberry (Kumaran & Joel Karunakaran, 2006). These results do not agree with those of the present study, which shows that gallic acid is not the main compound of the extract, however.…”

Emblica officinalis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats

“…Six compounds of Emblica were reported to have NO scavenging effects: geraniin, corilagin, furosin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and curcumin. 26 In the present study, ethanolinduced overproduction of NO was decreased by the administration of EFE. Modulation of this process may prevent or at least attenuate alcoholism-induced changes in the brain.…”

The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels

“…Whereas, the lower potency of Pe.Aq and Pe.Pet in exhibiting spasmolytic actions might be due the presence of high levels of saponins, which are known to be spasmogenic in nature (Akah et al, 1997), thus offering a hindrance in the relaxant effects. Our observation about the presence of different levels of phytochemical constituents and their influence on the activity profile of Phyllanthus emblica is also in line with couple of studies done earlier on this plant (Kumaran and Karunakaran, 2006;Mouming, 2006). Overall, the presence of different phytochemical classes in Phyllanthus emblica such as, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and sesquiterpenes possessing spasmolytic and antidiarrheal activities (Di Carlo et al, 1993;Borrelli et al, 2004;Capasso et al, 2004;Palombo, 2006), might be contributing towards its antidiarrheal, antisecretory and spasmolytic actions, acting through multiple target sites.…”

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts

“…Kumar et al (2006) identified that gallic acid and tannic acid are the major phenolic acids of Indian gooseberry extract with 70% ethanol. Gallic acid was also found to be a major compound in the ethyl acetate extract of Indian gooseberry (Kumaran & Joel Karunakaran, 2006). These results do not agree with those of the present study, which shows that gallic acid is not the main compound of the extract, however.…”

Emblica officinalis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats

“…Six compounds of Emblica were reported to have NO scavenging effects: geraniin, corilagin, furosin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and curcumin. 26 In the present study, ethanolinduced overproduction of NO was decreased by the administration of EFE. Modulation of this process may prevent or at least attenuate alcoholism-induced changes in the brain.…”