“…All catalysts contained C, O, and S, while the doped catalysts also contained B. Deconvoluted C 1s and B 1s spectra are shown in Figure . On the basis of our previous work on petcoke-derived catalysts, the various C 1s spectra of PC were C–C/CC, C–S, and C–O . The deconvoluted C 1s spectrum for catalyst PC-600 (Figure a) contained peaks for C–C/CC, C–OH/C–O–C, and COOH at 284.5, 285.4, and 288.4 eV, respectively, − while the spectrum for catalyst PC-900 (Figure b) contained peaks for C–C/CC, C–O, C = O, and π–π* delocalized electrons at 284.4, 286, 287.2, and 290.2 eV, respectively.…”