Newcastle disease virus-infected splenocytes express the proopiomelanocortin gene.

Westly, Hollie J.; Kleiss, Alice J.; Kelley, Keith W.; Wong, Patty; Yuen, P.H.

doi:10.1084/jem.163.6.1589

Cited by 154 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Fortunately, individuals such as Kavelaars et al reproduced and extended many of our initial findings [12]. Moreover, Westly et al [13] together with John Funder's group [14] and others [15,16] provided a firm molecular foundation for our initial observations and predictions by demonstrating POMC mRNA is present in immune cells. In spite of these findings, the authenticity of the peptides continued to be questioned [17].…”

Section: Discovery Of Neuropeptides/ / Neurotransmitters In the Immunmentioning

confidence: 66%

The immune system as the sixth sense

Blalock

2005

Journal of Internal Medicine

193

109

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Abstract. Blalock JE (University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA). The immune system as the sixth sense (Minisymposium). J Intern Med 2005; 257: 126-138.One of the truly remarkable discoveries in modern biology is the finding that the nervous system and immune system use a common chemical language for intra-and inter-system communication. This review will discuss some of the pivotal results that deciphered this chemical language. Specifically the nervous and immune systems produce a common set of peptide and nonpeptide neurotransmitters and cytokines that act on a common repertoire of receptors in the two systems. The paper will also review more recent studies that have delineated hardwired and humoral pathways for such bidirectional communication. This is discussed in the context of the idea that the sharing of ligands and receptors allows the immune system to serve as the sixth sense that notifies the nervous system of the presence of entities, such as viruses and bacteria, that are imperceptible to the classic senses. Lastly, this review will suggest ways to apply the newfound knowledge of the sixth sense to understand a placebo effect and to treate human disease.

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Section: Discovery Of Neuropeptides/ / Neurotransmitters In the Immunmentioning

confidence: 66%

The immune system as the sixth sense

Blalock

2005

Journal of Internal Medicine

193

109

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“…IR-␤-EP is also present in lymphocytes (56) and macrophages (20). POMC mRNA transcript has been identified in splenic lymphocytes (57,58). Both acetylated and nonacetylated ␤-EP are produced in splenic lymphocytes (20).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 97%

Chronic Ethanol Inhibits NK Cell Cytolytic Activity: Role of Opioid Peptide β-Endorphin

Boyadjieva

Dokur

Advis

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

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The role of β-endorphin (β-EP) in ethanol-altered NK cell cytolytic activity is studied using male Fischer-344 rats as an animal model. Ethanol was administered for 1, 2, 3, or 4 wk in a liquid diet containing 8.7% ethanol (v/v), which means that 37% of the total calories were derived from ethanol. Rats treated with ethanol for 1 wk showed an increase in hypothalamic and plasma levels of immunoreactive (IR)-β-EP, but displayed no significant effect on NK cell activity determined by 51Cr release assay, as compared with those in pair-fed and ad libitum-fed animals. However, animals treated with ethanol for 2, 3, or 4 wk showed decreased hypothalamic and plasma levels of IR-β-EP and decreased splenic NK cell activity. No significant decrease in the number of splenocytes and NK cells or in the percentage of NK cells was seen until after 3 and 4 wk of ethanol treatment. Exposure in vitro of splenic lymphocytes obtained from control animals to various concentrations of β-EP increased NK cell activity. The opiate antagonist naltrexone blocked the β-EP-stimulated effect. The in vitro NK cell response to β-EP was reduced in the splenocytes obtained from animals treated with ethanol for 2 wk, but not in those obtained from animals treated with ethanol for 1 wk as compared with those in control animals. Additionally, β-EP administration into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulated NK cell cytolytic activity, whereas the opiate blocker administration reduced NK cell activity. The NK cell responses to paraventricular nucleus β-EP were reduced in the animals treated with ethanol for 2 wk. These data provide evidence for the first time that ethanol inhibits NK cell cytolytic activity, possibly by reducing β-EP-regulated splenic NK cell function.

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“…At first, those peptides were assumed to be related to interferon-␣, which was disproved later (for review, see Busch-Dienstfertig and . Two groups simultaneously demonstrated the presence of full-length POMC mRNA encoding all three exons in immune cells (Lolait et al, 1986;Westly et al, 1986). Many other studies in leukocytes, however, described only truncated POMC mRNAs lacking the 5Ј untranslated region from the first and the signal sequence from the second exon (for review, see BuschDienstfertig and Stein, 2010).…”

Section: Opioid Peptides In Peripheral Sensorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of the signal sequence omits the correct routing of the translation products and their processing to authentic POMC peptides in the regulated secretory pathway (Clark et al, 1990;Cool and Loh, 1994). Some studies found that the expression of full-length POMC mRNA was suppressed in mature unstimulated leukocytes, but could be induced under pathological conditions (Westly et al, 1986;Buzzetti et al, 1989;Ohta et al, 2000). Cabot et al (1997) and Sitte et al (2007) showed that POMC transcripts containing the signal sequence and subsequent END production are up-regulated in lymphocytes from rats with painful paw inflammation.…”

Section: Opioid Peptides In Peripheral Sensorymentioning

confidence: 99%