New Renewable Resource Amphiphilic Molecular Design for Size-Controlled and Highly Ordered Polyaniline Nanofibers

Abstract

We demonstrate here, for the first time, a unique strategy for conducting polyaniline nanofibers based on renewable resources. Naturally available cardanol, which is an industrial waste and main pollutant from the cashew nut industry, is utilized for producing well-defined polyaniline nanofibers. A new amphiphilic molecule is designed and developed from cardanol, which forms a stable emulsion with aniline for a wide composition range in water (1:1 to 1:100 dopant/aniline mole ratio) to produce polyaniline nanofibers. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the nanofibers reveals that the dopant/aniline ratio plays a major role in determining the shape and size of polyaniline nanofibers. The nanofiber length increases with the increase in the dopant/aniline ratio, and perfectly linear, well-defined nanofibers of lengths as long as 7-8 muM were produced. The amphiphilic dopant has a built-in head-to-tail geometry and effectively penetrates into the polyaniline chains to form highly organized nanofibers. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) spectra of the nanofibers showed a new peak at 2theta = 6.3 (d spacing = 13.9 A) corresponding to the three-dimensional solid-state ordering of polyaniline-dopant chains, and this peak intensity increases with increase in the nanofiber length. The comparison of morphology and WXRD reveals that high ordering in polyaniline chains results in the formation of long, well-defined nanofibers, and this direct correlation for the polyaniline nanofibers with solid-state ordering has been established. The conductivity of the polyaniline nanofibers also increases with increase in the solid-state ordering rather than increasing with the extent of doping. The polyaniline nanofibers are freely soluble in water and possess high environmental and thermal stability up to 300 degrees C for various applications.

A New Way to Prepare MoO3/C as Anode of Lithium ion Battery for Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance at Room Temperature

“…The peaks appearing within the small diffraction angle for PANI doped with different acids have been previously observed by many researchers: for example, the diffraction peaks at 6.4 o and 6.7 o correspond to the doping of cardanol [26] and 12-tungstophosphoric acid [27], respectively. For our samples, it is believed that the peak near 7.5 o is related to the existence of molybdate counter-ions in PANI, since the XRD pattern of ES does not show any peak around this position.…”

A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Sheet‐Like Polyaniline

“…[25,26] The peak centered at 2u ¼ 18.88 is ascribed to periodicity parallel to the polymer chain and the peak centered at 2u ¼ 25.58 is attributable to the periodicity perpendicular to the polymer chain. [27][28][29] Compared with previously reported results, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] there are no significant differences between the structural order of the PANI nanosheets and that of conventional PANI powders or films. The formation mechanism of sheet-like PANI appears to be related to the following three issues.…”

Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Recognition of Nitroaromatic Compounds

“…For doped PANI, three peaks are shown at 1302, 1037, and 816 cm À1 that correspond to the O = S = O (sym), NH + ···SO 3 À interactions between the polymers chain and dopant, and the C À S stretching vibrations, respectively. [28] Peaks at 1249 and 1139 cm À1 were assigned to C À N and in-plane bending of C À H. These results indicate that doped PANI was successfully synthesized. Moreover, in addition to the characteristic PANI bands, 1727 and 1602 cm À1 stretch vibrations assigned to C=O and C=C, respectively, appear in the spectrum of FUN-PANI (Figure 1A b), which clearly indicates that the carbonyl and vinyl groups of CH 2 =CHCOCl were successfully introduced onto the PANI surface.…”

“…[28] First the dopant was synthesized. A solution of sulfanilic acid (0.036 mol) and sodium carbonate (0.016 mol) in water (40 mL) was heated to 75 8C, then cooled to 5 8C and nitrite (0.032 mol) in water (6 mL) was added.…”

“…[23][24][25][26][27] Anikumar et al [28] developed a renewable resource strategy for polyaniline nanofibers based on the raw material cardanol, which is an industrial waste and pollutant from the cashew-nut industry, as a novel dopant. PANI, with unique conducting properties and an extremely large surface area, should be an excellent candidate as the support material for MIP and would result in a large surface area if the MIP were prepared on the surface of PANI.…”