New Measurements of the Sticky Behavior of Skim Milk Powder

Hennigs, Christian; Kockel, T.K.; Langrish, T.A.G.

doi:10.1081/drt-100103929

Cited by 114 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Further insight into the formation mechanism of the LPNPs and the role of the Peclet number is illustrated by the introduction of a second nonvolatile species, such as lactose, a common material in spray-dried particles (23). Using SD1 conditions, lactose [1 g͞liter in 70:30 ethanol͞water (vol͞vol)] spray dries into relatively dense, nonporous particles whose aerodynamic diameter is 3 Ϯ 1 m, very close to their geometric diameter of 4 Ϯ 0.5 m, implying a particle mass density near unity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trojan particles: Large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery

Tsapis

Bennett²,

Jackson³

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

488

346

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We have combined the drug release and delivery potential of nanoparticle (NP) systems with the ease of flow, processing, and aerosolization potential of large porous particle (LPP) systems by spray drying solutions of polymeric and nonpolymeric NPs into extremely thin-walled macroscale structures. These hybrid LPPs exhibit much better flow and aerosolization properties than the NPs; yet, unlike the LPPs, which dissolve in physiological conditions to produce molecular constituents, the hybrid LPPs dissolve to produce NPs, with the drug release and delivery advantages associated with NP delivery systems. Formation of the large porous NP (LPNP) aggregates occurs via a spray-drying process that ensures the drying time of the sprayed droplet is sufficiently shorter than the characteristic time for redistribution of NPs by diffusion within the drying droplet, implying a local Peclet number much greater than unity. Additional control over LPNPs physical characteristics is achieved by adding other components to the spray-dried solutions, including sugars, lipids, polymers, and proteins. The ability to produce LPNPs appears to be largely independent of molecular component type as well as the size or chemical nature of the NPs. L arge porous particles (LPPs), characterized by geometric sizes larger than 5 m and mass densities around 0.1 g͞cm 3 or less, have achieved recent popularity as carriers of drugs to the lungs for local and systemic applications (1, 2). A principal advantage of LPPs relative to conventional inhaled therapeutic aerosol particles is their aerosolization efficiency (3, 4); in addition, LPPs possess the potential for avoidance of alveolar macrophage clearance (5-7), enabling sustained drug release in the lungs (8).Particles with geometric diameters less than a few hundred nanometers (9) represent an even more tenacious resident of the lungs. Once deposited, nanoparticles (NPs) or ''ultrafine'' particles often remain in the lung lining fluid until dissolution (assuming they are soluble), escaping both phagocytic and mucociliary clearance mechanisms (5-8). Thus, deposition of drug-bearing NPs in the lungs may offer the potential for sustained drug action and release throughout the lumen of the lungs, not only in the deep lung or alveolar region, where macrophage clearance occurs. However, the utility of NPs for drug release is severely limited because of their low inertia, which causes them to be predominantly exhaled from the lungs after inspiration (10, 11). Moreover, their small size leads to particleparticle aggregation, making physical handling of NPs difficult in liquid and dry powder forms; this is a common practical problem that must be overcome before using NPs for oral drug delivery (12, 13). As a result of these limitations, NPs are not presently being explored commercially or clinically as vehicles for drug delivery in the lungs.We have developed a form of particle for drug delivery that combines the advantages of LPPs and NPs while avoiding their limitations. We use spray drying (14) to form...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trojan particles: Large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery

Tsapis

Bennett²,

Jackson³

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

488

346

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“…An indirect approach correlates the sticky temperature, T s , to the glass transition temperature, T g , of the substance; T s is 10 to 30 degrees higher than T g [7,13]. In static methods, measurements of T s are based on dry powder property changes due to sticking, such as resistance to stirring (propeller-driven methods [4,6,8,10]), adhesion (ampule method [15]) or surface optical properties [9]. Other techniques generate powder flow in a humidified air stream within a fluidization cell [3] or in a cyclone [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder agglomeration during the spray-drying process: measurements of air properties

Gianfrancesco

Turchiuli

Dumoulin

2008

Dairy Sci. Technol.

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-Instant food powders are usually produced by spray drying of formulated liquid and powder agglomeration, either into the drying chamber or in an external fluid bed. During spray drying, according to the liquid composition, the viscosity of the initial liquid drops increases more or less rapidly, until the drop surface reaches a rubbery state considered as sticky, before further drying. This sticky property may be used to produce agglomerates inside the chamber by adding dry solid particles, as fines. The present study deals with a methodology to identify regions where the drying drops are sticky in relation to drying conditions (inlet air temperature 144-159-174 • C, liquid flow rate 15 to 75 mL·min −1 ), using a co-current pilot spray dryer with rotary atomizer. Assuming that drying air properties' (temperature and humidity) evolution is representative of drop drying (drying rate, amount of evaporated water), we realized a map of temperatures and relative humidity for drying air inside the drying chamber. Trials were performed with water (feasibility) and a maltodextrin aqueous solution (40% w/w, DE12) as a model product with sticky properties during drying. The results showed that drying behavior was different for water and aqueous maltodextrin solution. For both, in the tested conditions, the percentage of evaporated water was found to vary from 57 to 89% in the top part of the chamber, close to the atomizer. That represents a possible region where dry fines could be introduced for agglomeration. Résumé -Agglomération de poudres au cours du processus de séchage par pulvérisation : mesure des propriétés de l'air. Les poudres alimentaires instantanées sont habituellement produites par séchage par pulvérisation d'une solution formulée, suivi d'une étape d'agglomération, soit dans la chambre de séchage soit dans un lit fluidisé externe. Au cours du séchage, selon la composition du liquide, la viscosité des gouttes liquides augmente plus ou moins rapidement jusqu'à ce que la surface de la goutte devienne collante, avant séchage ultérieur. Cette propriété collante peut être exploitée pour produire des agglomérats dans la chambre par introduction de particules solides sèches, les fines. Cette étude cherche à établir une méthodologie pour identifier des zones où les gouttes qui sèchent deviennent collantes en fonction des paramètres de séchage (température d'entrée d'air 144-159-174 • C, débit liquide de 15 à 75 mL·min −1 ), en utilisant un séchoir pilote co-courant équipé avec une turbine de pulvérisation. En supposant que l'évolution des propriétés de l'air (température et humidité) au cours du séchage soit représentative du séchage des gouttes (vitesse de séchage, quantité d'eau évaporée), des cartographies des températures et des humidités relatives de l'air dans la chambre de séchage ont été réalisées. Des essais ont été effectués avec pulvérisation d'eau (faisabilité), puis d'une solution de maltodextrine (40 % w/w, DE12) comme produit modèle pouvant avoir un comportement collant au cours du séchage. ...

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“…Figure 1 shows the concepts of the sticky region and the sticky point temperature (T s ) curve; more details on the sticky point method, the stickiness curve, the experimental setup, and the procedures can be found in Lazar et al (1956), Papadakis and Bahu (1992), and Wallack and King (1988). However, the traditional setup (Lazar et al 1956) and procedure of measuring T s were modified several times by several authors (Pasley et al 1995;Hennigs et al 2001;Chegini and Ghobadian 2007). There are peer-reviewed articles comparing T g with T s and elaborately describing the phenomenon of stickiness or caking in food powders (Downton et al 1982;Chuy and Labuza 1994;Jaya and Das 2007).…”

Section: Measurement and Comparison Of Glass Transition And Sticky Pomentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

2014

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Cereal Chem. 91(4): [406][407][408][409][410][411][412][413] Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main coproduct of the U.S. fuel ethanol industry and has significantly impacted the livestock feed markets in recent years. Particle agglomeration and subsequent flowability problems during storage and transport are often a hindrance, a nuisance, and expensive. This paper aims at characterizing the glass transition (T g ) and sticky point (T s ) temperatures of DDGS samples prepared with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperatures (100, 200, and 300°C), and moisture contents (0, 10, and 20%, db), and it discusses implications on DDGS flowability behavior. Distillers wet grains were combined with specified levels of CDS and dried in a convection-style laboratory oven to produce DDGS.Subsequently, predetermined amounts of water were added to the DDGS to achieve desired moisture content levels. To determine T g (°C), a differential scanning calorimeter was used, whereas T s (°C) was determined through a novel technique with a rheometer. Results indicated high correlations between observed T s and observed T g (R 2 = 0.87) data for DDGS samples. Also, the empirical model for predicted T g = f(drying temperature, CDS level, and moisture content) based on the Gordon-Taylor model showed favorable R 2 (0.74). Stickiness of DDGS increased with an increase in moisture content, indicating flow problems resulting from moisture. It was found that drying temperatures and CDS levels each had significant effects on T g and T s as well.Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary coproduct from the corn-based fuel ethanol industry, which is mainly from dry-grind ethanol production plants across the Midwestern United States. It is commonly used as livestock feed for cattle, swine, and poultry. DDGS typically contains 86-93% (db) dry matter, 26-34% (db) crude protein, 3-13% (db) fat, and essential amino acids such as methionine, leucine, arginine, and threonine (Speihs et al 2002;Rosentrater and Muthukumarappan 2006). There has been enormous growth in the bioethanol industry in the last decade because of strong interest in alternative fuels, and therefore there is now substantial DDGS production. The production of DDGS is projected to have grown to nearly 40 million metric tons during 2013.Like many agricultural and food materials, DDGS is hygroscopic in nature (i.e., it can absorb moisture from the surrounding atmosphere). Thus, DDGS particles may tend to agglomerate to form solidified masses (i.e., caking) by absorbing water or because of temperature differences. Caking, or hardening, of DDGS leads to difficulties during unloading from rail cars, bins, and other storage vessels, and it can result in economic losses to break up the agglomerates and discharge the storage vessels (Rock and Schwedes 2005). Stickiness in particles (or the caking phenomenon) causes poor flowability in the material and, thus, makes it less efficient to handle during d...

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New Measurements of the Sticky Behavior of Skim Milk Powder

Cited by 114 publications

References 7 publications

Trojan particles: Large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery

Trojan particles: Large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery

Powder agglomeration during the spray-drying process: measurements of air properties

Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

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